Gender Stereotypes in Gary Winick’s Bride Wars Essay

2009 has not exactly been a fruitful year—so far—for the American filmmaking industry, at least in terms of quality and originality. If the latter part of 2008, as in most years, was marked by the release of some of the most memorable films in history, the first four months of 2009 have mostly made-for-children movies, romantic comedies, and guy-bonding flicks. Bride Wars is a relatively superficial take on women’s obsession with weddings, and is currently ranked at number nine in the list of top-grossing films worldwide. Directed by Gary Winick and starring Anne Hathaway and Kate Hudson, Bride Wars narrates the lifelong friendship of Emma and Liv—women in their mid-20s who, as young girls, made plans for almost identical weddings. When they hire the same wedding planner who schedules them both on the same time, day, and venue, the conflict begins and the ‘wars’ take place. A series of impossible schemes hatched by each to hinder the other’s plans ensues, yet ultimately end in happy endings for both. Despite its arguable shallowness and lack of believability, Bride Wars may still be evaluated according to specific themes inherent in the discussion of the female psyche: conforming to cultural and social traditions, particularly in terms of gender roles and expectations. The pivotal scene is revealed at the very beginning of the film, as the young Emma and Liv are shown with their respective mothers at The Plaza Hotel, an upscale location for weddings. They both witness a newly-married couple—the groom looking dashing in a suit and the bride in an exquisite gown—in a moment of utter romance and love; this singular image drives both girls to make a pact to have their own weddings in the same place. But more than the desire to be wed at The Plaza, the most notable element in this scene is the accepted—even expected—notion of marriage, without essentially considering the function of the process as a partnership. By being presented with an image that fully conforms to the traditional concept of women and their social roles, the young girls immediately associate this with their own goals and ambitions. Though later scenes show how they both pursued their individual interests—public relations for Liv and teaching for Emma—it is apparent how getting married is still their priority. The concept of marriage in this film is limited to the actual wedding, with a few flimsy forays into the discussion of sharing a life with another person. That first image set the boundaries of the ideology chosen by the filmmaker, as evidenced by the dreamlike treatment accorded to it; it sends the message of perfection and idealism as befitting women by being a bride. After all the events that had taken place, Emma and Liv kept their friendship and even resulted in Emma marrying Liz’ brother Nate. Unsurprisingly, the last scene proved to be the answer to the first—with the two women meeting after their honeymoons, and revealing that they were both pregnant. It is evident how this scene was meant to provide the punchline to the film, leaving its audience assuming that the same ‘war’ would take place later. However, it also reinforces the established parameters set by weddings, since pregnancy and giving birth is the traditional next step after the union. The happy occasion of revelation and reconnection exhibits the place of childbirth in the context of the female role, yet it fails again to make any argument regarding the personal significance of bearing children. Bride Wars, though peppered with pup culture references and modern concepts, is centuries behind in terms of gender issues and breaking free from stereotypes. Light romances and comedies are not strictly confined to such superficial subjects, which shows why Bride Wars is a film only meant for commercial objectives. How We Think, Speak, and Feel: An Understanding of Human Behavior in Three Films Visitors from another planet are perhaps the best test subjects for the assessment of texts, particularly films. Since cinema is a depiction of human behavior and portrays concepts gleaned from human experience, having extraterrestrials view films—given that they understand the language—will allow them to achieve a sense of what and how humans are. Rather than take them through a historical representation of human life through films, it would be best to introduce them to the inherent traits found in most cultures—through intelligence, language, and psychology. The three films that may be able to communicate these are A Beautiful Mind for intelligence, When Harry Met Sally for language, and Doubt for psychology and its permutations. Ron Howard’s 2001 film A Beautiful Mind is based on the life of gifted scientist and mathematician John Forbes Nash, and narrates his journey into schizophrenia and depression. But the film is also a real-life account of a man given an extraordinary amount of talent, which shows the extent to which the human mind can progress. This information would be essential to the extraterrestrial visitors, for it will let them know how humans think; whether it reveals similarities or not is the ultimate goal of the exercise. Since Nash’s expertise is in numbers and formulas, logic is the knowledge represented in the film, which may be more ‘universal’ compared to politics, economics, or other contextual topics. In the film, Nash is shown as having his own world apart from the people around him, only surrounding himself with equations and other methods pertaining to scientific and explainable phenomena. This is clearly presented in the scene where he writes his formulas on a glass window, consumed by the process and unaffected by his environment. Seeing a human engage in such intellectual activity may inform extraterrestrials of the workings of the human mind, specifically this advanced depiction of thinking processes. On top of that, Nash’s account of seeing UFOs and aliens may appear to be a point of connection with this particular audience, as it shows how human validate their existence. The 2008 film Doubt, directed by John Patrick Shanley, is set in a Catholic Church in New York in 1964. During this time, the notions of faith and religion were primarily dictated by priests—portrayed as almost immortal beings who could do no wrong. However, assumptions about the unusual behavior of Father Flynn, the parish priest, were made by the nuns tasked to care for and educate the children in the school run by the church. The result was doubt in authority and in the general power of organized religion, and eventually in the faith of the nuns in their chosen vocation. Introducing the alien guests to these concepts will acquaint them with the complex values and traditions of humans, which are directly associated with the idea of faith in a Higher Being. The image of Father Flynn is meant to symbolize faith itself, and accusing him of improper behavior—in this case, an illicit relationship with a young boy—shows how humans are capable of acting against established rules. What the aliens may glean from this could be the debate between the human need for something to believe in, whether seen or unseen, and the alternative human quality of logical analysis based on observable phenomena. When Harry Met Sally, released in 1989 and directed by Nora Ephron, is one of the most effective portrayals of the differences between men and women. Language is one of the issues illustrated by the film, and it would benefit the extraterrestrials to see how men and women think and express themselves differently. The film narrates the friendship of Harry and Sally, which eventually ended in romance after years of struggling to keep it platonic. The iconic scene where Harry and Sally are in a restaurant arguing over sexual attitudes of men and women reveals both mindset and language, as their discussion is progressed by their opposing views and the final act of Sally faking an orgasm. Aliens and non-humans will find this portrayal extremely significant, for it almost shows how men and women are of different life forms as well. It also illustrates the mating habits of both men and women, which may be similar to their own. These three films will definitely equip the extraterrestrials with enough information and knowledge to guide them toward a better understanding of human behavior. But while these films tackle some of the basic realities present in most societies all over the world, more complicated concepts—such as war and poverty—can only be understood after fully comprehending the abilities and capacities of humans, since these are effects of a misguided use of innate human traits. References Ephron, N. (Dir. ) (1989). When Harry Met Sally. Columbia Pictures. Howard, R. (Dir. ) (2001). A Beautiful Mind. Universal Pictures. Shanley, J. P. (Dir. ) (2008). Doubt. Miramax Films. Winick, G. (Dir. ) (2009). Bride Wars. 20th Century Fox.

Nike Background

Background information: Iconography Explanation Nike Heritage NIKE, pronounced NI-KEY, is the winged goddess of victory according to Greek mythology. He sat next to Zeus, king of the Olympian pantheon, in Olympus. A mystical presence, symbolizing victorious encounters, NIKE presided first battle in history. A Greek saying: â€Å"When we go to battle and win, we say it is NIKE. † Synonymous with honored conquest, NIKE is the twentieth century footwear that lifts the world's greatest athletes to new levels of mastery and success. Swoosh' The NIKE embodies the spirit of the winged goddess who inspired the most courageous and chivalrous warriors at the dawn of civilization. (From Nike Consumer Affairs packet, 1996) The Swoosh The Swoosh logo is a graphic design created by Caroline Davidson in 1971. Represents the wing of the Greek goddess Nike. Caroline Davidson was a student at Portland State University in advertising. She met Phil Knight while he was teaching accounting classes and she started doing some freelance work for his company.Phil Knight Caroline asked to design a logo which could be placed on the side of a shoe. He handed the swoosh, gave $ 35. 00. In the spring of 1972, the first shoe with the Nike logo was introduced †¦.. the rest is history! (De Nike Consumer Affairs packet, 1996) A Brief History of Nike The Nike athletic machine began as a small set of distribution located in the trunk of Phil Knight's car. From these principles and not unfavorable, the brainchild of Knight became the athletic shoe company that would come to define many aspects of popular culture and myriad varieties of cool.Nike emanated from two sources: Bill Bowerman's struggle lighter, more durable racing shoes for his Oregon runners, and Knight's search for a way to earn a living without having to give up his love of athletics. Bowerman track coach at the University of Oregon where Phil Knight ran in 1959. Bowerman desire for better quality shoes clearly influenced Knight operating in their search for a marketing strategy. Between them, the seed of the most influential sporting company grew.The story is this: to get his MBA at Stanford in the '60s, Knight took classes with Frank Shallenberger. The semester-long project was to create a small business, including a marketing plan. Synthesis of attention to quality shoes Bowerman and growing view that cost high-quality/low products could be produced in Japan and shipped to the U. S. for distribution, Knight found his niche. Shallenberger thought the idea interesting but certainly no business jackpot. Nothing became Knight project. Cut to 1963.Phil Knight traveled to Japan on a world tour, filled with the wanderlust of young people looking for a way to delay the inevitable call of professional life. Apparently, on a whim, Knight scheduled an interview with a Japanese running shoe manufacturer, Tiger – a subsidiary of the Onitsuka Company. Presenting himself as the representative of an Americ an distributor interested in selling Tiger shoes American runners, Knight told the businessmen of his interest in your product. Blue Ribbon Sports – the name Knight thought the moments when asked he represented – was born.Tiger executives liked what they heard and Knight placed his first order for Tigers soon after. In 1964, Knight had sold $ 8,000 worth of Tigers and placed an order for more. Coach Bowerman and Knight worked together, but ended up hiring a full-time salesman, Jeff Johnson. After reaching $ 1 million in sales and riding the wave of success, Knight et. al. devised the Nike name and trademark Swoosh in 1971. By the late '70s, Blue Ribbon Sports officially became Nike and went from $ 10 million to $ 270 million in sales.Katz (1994) describes the success through Nike placement within the matrix of the fitness revolution, â€Å"the idea of exercise and game-playing ceased to be something that the average American did for fun† rather Americans returne d to work as a cultural signifier of status. Clearly, the circumstances surrounding the change are not that simple, is one of the objectives of this project to discover other generators of popular attention to health. If Nike did not start the fitness revolution, Knight says, â€Å"at least there. And we are confident that ran for a hell of a ride† (Katz, 66).The 80 and 90 produce increased profits as Nike began to assume the appearance of athletic giant, rather than the underdog of old. â€Å"Advertising Age† named Nike the 1996 Marketer of the Year, citing the â€Å"ubiquitous swoosh †¦ was more recognized and coveted by consumers than any other sports brand – certainly brand† (Jensen, 12/96). That same year, Nike's revenues were a staggering $ 6. 74 billion. Expect sales of $ 8 billion in fiscal 1997, Nike has targeted 12 billion in sales by 2000. And all from the back of a car. Few can question Nike's financial hegemony.But nearly $ 7 billion in revenues clearly begs the question, what sells these shoes? It is my contention that the power of Nike to sell comes from deep longings of cultural integration and sport individual achievement. These seemingly paradoxical desires collide in the hearts and minds of consumers and produce the unyielding zeal for Nike shoes and clothing. Unfortunate effects of this heat can be found in the killings of Nike apparel in 1991, and the profusion of Nike collectors and websites designed around the company's products. See list of web pages in the Works Cited page) Nike appeals to these disparate elements of Americans' personalities through an advertising philosophy that is at once simple and sublime. Furthermore, the practice of Nike high-level athletes promoting their products appeal to countless ages and creeds as a way to identify and emulate their sports heroes. These forces act powerfully upon the individual consumer, but we must not lose sight of the cultural context in which the person moves.

How Will E-Books Affect The Future of Learning Essay

How Will E-Books Affect The Future of Learning - Essay Example The questions would pertain to its impact on the publishers, its impact on the level of reading, the life span of a particular piece of work and various other questions which come to mind naturally. With transition from existing form of book reading to the digital means, there is a need for preserving the large amount of text that is being written over centuries that pertains to the cultural values, the pre historic times, stages of mankind’s progress to modern day and all other important pieces of writing. Such factors must be taken into account and proper working and bodies should be constituted to ensure no work of literature and history is lost in pursuit of modern trends and transition. It’s possible impact on the artists, poets, and other literature associated personnel must be taken into account since transition in that domain may not be as easy, as it might appear in the context of science and technology. A salient feature of electronic reading is in form of the dictionaries, nearly all electronic reading devices come up with dictionaries. In past, the readers had to carry separate book in form of dictionary for purpose of finding their meanings. Dictionaries come in form of softwares which are mere few mega bytes in space. The new form of book readings makes reading far easy. It enables the access to any book online without waiting to go to the stores which might be away from a particular station. Websites like Amazon and few others are the foundation brick towards it since they are the world’s largest online books domains .large amount of customers ranging in millions are registered over the website, which speaks of the popularity and increase in trend of e book reading. Electronic books will be available on the mobile phones, special electronic reading devices, laptops, and other gadgets, hence the domain of reading and its access becomes broad and would spread at a faster rate compared to the conventional form of reading that ex isted in past(Adams & Hamm, 2005). The large amount of hand held devices specifically made for online book reading are promoting this trend further. With gadgets like I-pad and Amazon Kindle easily available in market and having staggeringly positive outcomes from its sales, one can predict the future to be purely dominated by electronic books. The e-books will have an advantage over the conventional form of books in many aspects, which not only includes the price, but also the spacing consideration, the ease of access, and various other features. A small but intriguing feature of the e books is the illumination independence. While reading the conventional hard form of book requires illumination in the background, the electronic books can be read even in absence of light in the background since the source of electronic book, which are mostly the handheld devices and e-readers, provide light in itself. The electronic book concept gives rise to the virtual institutes and that we alrea dy see being implemented across the world in various forms of data bases and online learning centers. It will wash out the limits defined by boundaries and will enable any piece of work to be read and accessed by a person sitting in other corner of the world million miles in distance. Electronic books

Rhetorical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Rhetorical analysis - Essay Example He has an alcohol abuse problem that becomes a source of rift between him and his employers. Osborne is not able to do his best at the job owing to his drinking issues. Eventually Osborne Cox is fired by the CIA owing to his drinking problem that fills him with much angst, rage and disappointment. Osborne decides to get even with the CIA by drafting his memoirs narrating his experiences with the CIA that eventually he ends up losing, giving way to much personal black mailing and harassment. The movie Burn after Reading revolves around the theme that one should avoid writing one’s personal information and secrets anywhere to avoid eventual data theft which may result in unwarranted and harmful implications (Doom 45). Had Osborne not written his personal experiences on the ill fated CD, not only it would have saved him much trouble, but would have also not led to much chagrin and tragedies. Once Osborne gets fired from the CIA, his paediatrician wife sees in it a chance to end her dysfunctional marriage with Osborne and to continue with her adulterous affair with Harry. In Osborne’s professional problems she sees an opportunity to seek a divorce from him so that she could carry on with the affair she is having with Harry. The sad thing is that Osborne has saved much prolonged diatribe against his ex employer that is the CIA on his computer hard drive. Desirous of seeking a divorce from Osborne, his wife Katie Cox on the advice of his divorce lawyers decides to save all the data residing on Osborne’s computer hard drive on to a CD. Unluckily she also ends up saving the professional details regarding the CIA that Osborne had saved on his computer onto the very same CD. This lets loose a chain of events that give way to much harassment and loss. The diskette onto which Katie has copied many of his personal files from the memoir falls into the hands of two un scrupulous gym employees, Linda and Chad, who try to sell it. Linda wants some money for an elective

Diagnoses, Medication and Treatment of a Patient with Complex Ailments Essay

Diagnoses, Medication and Treatment of a Patient with Complex Ailments - Essay Example As a professional medic, I had to do all the prescribed processes. First, I did the patient's initial assessment to determine whether the patient was under any life threats. In doing this, I formed a general idea to guide me to decide whether the patient was ill. I immobilized the forefront in preventing further abuse of other organs, assessed his level of consciousness according to the criteria of AVPU- alert responses of the patient to pain stimuli, responses of the patient to verbal stimuli, as well as unresponsive. Having checked the responsiveness level, I checked for his airway, breathing, as well as the circulation, commonly known as ABC. This entailed the removal of any foreign substance that could have blocked the airway. This time, I maintained the patients positioning by removing any blocking objects while carefully positioning the patient's head while keeping in mind the significance of jaw-trust technique as stated by Brimacombe (2000). Secondly, I checked the breathing rate of the patient, and it confirmed that the patient's breathing was much less than eight times per minute. Because of this, I had to facilitate his breathing by use of bag valve attached to an oxygen source. Thirdly, I checked the patient pulse rate by palpating his carotid vein which is located in the neck. Finally for this initial assessment, the overall bleeding was checked and put under control. Then the diagnosis stage followed. I examined the patient and diagnosed him with acute spinal cord injury, Anaemia, pneumonia, Hypertension, mild depressed mood, Neutrogena Bladder and hypothyroidism. I realized that the diseases were at advanced stages and needed quick response to give the patient a chance to survive. The medication was then administered to the patient in accordance to the prescribed disease. Pneumonia is a disease that causes a swelling in the lungs and affects the alveoli. It is associated with consolidation, chest symptoms and fever. Pneumonia is caused by bacteri a and other causes. Agents of infection include fungi, bacteria and viruses. Pneumonic symptoms include breathing difficulty, pains in the patient's chest, cough and fever. The remedies and medication for pneumonia include Levofloxacin for pneumonia, Liquibid for chest congestion, Miconazole nitrate for antifungal, Nuerontin for Neuropathy pain, Nystatin for antifungal, Remeron for depression, Acetylcystein 1ml for bronchitis and Albuterol inhalation for coughing and wheezing. Hypertension, on the other hand, is a medical condition that occurs due to increase in blood pressure in the arteries. It requires the beat unexceptionally to help circulate blood through blood vessels. High blood pressure can be said to exist if the individual’s pressure exceeds 140/90mmHg. This is one of the main risk factors for heart attacks, stroke, and aneurysms of the arteries, and it results to kidney diseases. Change in lifestyles improves control in blood pressure thereby decreasing complicati ons associated with health. However, treatment is needed to people who happen to be incapable. The medication that administaered for a patient with hypertension includes Remeron for depression, Oxycodone for pain and counadin for Anticoagulation. Hypothyroidism occurs when thyroid glands do not make thyroid hormone that is enough for the body. This results in the deficiency in iodine where other factors come into play. It is also associated with an increase in

Innovative Approaches to Corporate Management Essay

Innovative Approaches to Corporate Management - Essay Example Innovative approaches are assessed based on its impact upon its profitability. Through implementing strategic management approaches in ones company, the need for customer satisfaction will be met, not only locally but world wide. Globalization of corporations evolved and exist for many reasons. There could be a need to follow the buying trends of consumers. Another is to meet the demand of customers. In todays business field,there is a rapid emergence of global buyers and sellers. Through the help of the latest technologies, communications, wire and money transfers, receiving of payments and any other activities are made possible regardless of distance, race, and currency. devising, implementing and improving a quality management system (QMS). (PCL - Petts Consulting Ltd) This model of a quality management system approach acknowledge the facts that quality results are achieved by producing a company manual, complete with work procedures and work instructions, proper recording and keeping of quality records and tracking of inputs and outputs. The HACCP System is a systematic approach to the identification, assessment of risk and severity, and control of biological, chemical and physical hazards associated with a particular food production process or practice. (Cianci, 2000) When speaking of HACCP, it is always associated with food safety. By using and by being certified with this system, the customers of the company are always assured of the safe processing of food. Corporate Social Responsibility CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. (Baker, 2006) It is the balance between the

Disaster Risk Reduction Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Disaster Risk Reduction - Research Proposal Example Actually, disasters in informal settlements are not theoretical in nature. Probable disasters in informal settlements include an explosion of fuel storage units, the release of toxic chemical wastes from industrial processes, water pollution by heavy metals, a collapse of buildings, and earthquakes (MASKREY, 2013). Primarily, informal settlements, especially slums are heavily congested. For example, the Kibera slums in Kenya have a population of 8 times its official capacity. The Kenyan slum is built on top of a petroleum pipeline network. On September 12, 2011, one of the oil pipes ruptured, prompting the poor slum dwellers to salvage the spilling valuable commodity. Suddenly, the pipeline exploded, killing approximately 121 people in an instant, and injuring thousands of others (PELLING & WISNER, 2012). Similar accidents have occurred in other parts of the world, especially in the infamous slums of Guatemala. Allegedly, Guatemala slums lack clean water and sewage systems. Researche rs have termed some of the Guatemala slums as breeding grounds for infectious diseases, especially cholera and malaria. At this juncture, it is admissible that proper prediction and interpretation methods are necessary for the prevention and mitigation of such informal settlement disasters.This research will be conducted within the boundaries of a practical environmental impact assessment exercise, particularly the prediction and interpretation steps using data mining technique as a computer-aided method.

Animal Farm- George Orwell Orwell uses key characters in Animal Farm Essay

Animal Farm- George Orwell Orwell uses key characters in Animal Farm to satirise certain characteristics in human nature. How - Essay Example Significantly, Animal Farm has been recognized as a fairy story told by a great lover of liberty as well as animals, but it reflects the realities of Soviet Russia during the Stalin era. The fundamental themes of the novel, that have generated relentless controversies during the wartime, include the abuse of power, the erosion of civil liberties, democracy versus dictatorship, and, most importantly, the relationship between leaders and followers. Most essentially, â€Å"Animal Farm is not merely about Lenin and Stalin†¦ it has much to say to us today about the relationship between government leaders and followers.† (Rodden, 182) One of the basic concerns of the novelist in Animal Farm is to establish how true leaders inspire the followers while the false leaders deceive them, and the nature of this relationship has played a crucial role in the acquirement or loss of freedom and equality in the society. ... Significantly, the novelist presents the relationship between leaders and followers through the main characters of the novel who satirize various characteristics in human nature. Thus, Orwell presents pigs as taking over the command of the farm at the death of the Major, because they were â€Å"the cleverest of the animals.† (Orwell, 15) Thus, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, become the leaders of the ‘Animal Farm’ and they allegorically represent Joseph Stalin and Trotsky. In a reflective exploration of the major themes and characters in the novel Animal Farm, it becomes lucid that the novelist exhibits the failure of leadership to offer freedom and equality to the followers. â€Å"In short, it can be regarded as the failure of leadership or how an intelligent, devoted leader of the revolution to better the miserable lives of animals on Manor Farm, Snowball, is driven out by a Napoleon that animals think is ‘always right’.† (Moeller and Moeller, 133) In a reflective exploration of the leaders in the work, it becomes evident that the two major leaders are presented in contrast to each other. In the novel, Snowball is presented as a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character.† (Orwell, 15) On the other hand, Napoleon is presented as â€Å"a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar †¦ [who is] not much of a talker, but with reputation for getting his own way.† (Orwell, 15) These leaders were not able to bring about freedom and equality to their followers, although their followers of ‘Animal Farm’ were expecting nothing else. Both Snowball and Napoleon were rivaling each other for power and they

ICT in ELT (English Language Teaching) Research Paper

ICT in ELT (English Language Teaching) - Research Paper Example s therefore become expedient to note that the effective teaching and learning of English has gone beyond the stereotypical to regimented/tradition of mere classroom teaching because of the emergence of various gadgets in information and communication technology (Viatonu, Kayode 2000:1). In the 21st century, majority of people, be they students, researchers or teachers, are making use of the computer and internet to search for information, to chat or to play games. Teachers are becoming the greatest beneficiaries of digital media as far as bringing the world into the classroom is concerned and using authentic resource materials. ICT is being used to provide curriculum tasks and activities that challenge students; this extends to gifted and talented students. It helps them work to a higher level than they otherwise might, for instance, they can access not only the school library books but also academic treatises (Galloway, 2007:26). Galloway also established that ICT is beneficial to students in several ways. There is the potential to present information in multiple formats, speech and image, with software such as ‘Writing with Symbols’. With ICT, activities can be repeated endlessly and identically as students learn the practical nuances of English pronunciation (Galloway, 2007:26). ICT in ELT has also achieved its status as far as translation is concerned. Web-based instant translations are available to and from English and at least nine other languages. Because of the multimedia presentational possibilities and the activities now available, the curriculum is becoming deeper and more enriched by new technology, creating engaging and motivating learning experiences for all students regardless of their needs and abilities (Galloway, 2007:26). There are invaluable pedagogical gains in the use of ICT. This has also contributed to the status of ICT. Teachers are able to develop an effective learning platform. With such a platform, teachers are able to create

Judicial Review Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Judicial Review - Case Study Example Some of the most basic and fundamental tenets of the legal and political systems where such decisions emanate from the Prime Minister, require careful scrutiny. Any alleged breach of the rule of the law raises an important and justifiable legal issue after due consideration to the concern regarding judicially cognizable standards. (The rule of Law). The High Court oversees the decisions of public bodies and officials including courts by resorting to judicial review. Grounds of judicial review are ultra vires. If the contents of the decisions are outside the power of the pubic body that made it, then the court may declare it ultra vires. For example, if a magistrate court decides to hear a decision, which is indictable only, then this would be ultra vires. This means that the body reaching the decision in respect of a complaint, was biased, or the applicant was not given a fair opportunity to be heard. The test of Wednesbury unreasonableness - if a decision was so unreasonable that no reasonable public body could have reached the decision, and then it may be successfully challenged. This is a narrow test of reasonableness that severely limits the court's power to supervise the executive. The principle evolved during the course of the hearing in Associated Picture Houses Ltd V. Wednesbury Corporation (1948). If the decision interferes with Human Rights then the courts generally require stronger proof that the decision was reasonable. There has been debate as to whether a doctrine of proportionality would be a better test compared to reasonableness. Irrelevant consideration - If the courts consider that the public body took into account irrelevant consideration then that decision may be subject to judicial review. In R v. Somerset County Council expart Fewings (1995), the council passed a resolution prohibiting stag hunting on its land. This ban was successfully challenged because this ban considered the desirability and morality of hunting while deciding, which was deemed to be outside the ambit of its statutory powers. Unlike the appeal procedure, judicial review does not look into the merits of the case. In addition to any of the ordinary civil law remedies (damages, an injunction or a declaration) the high court may order a public law remedy only available through judicial review proceedings called prerogative orders; certiorari, mandamus and prohibition. Prerogative remedies are discretionary. Judicial review forms the basis of a modern democracy. As a department of state, the judiciary is charged with the constitutional duty to control abuse of power by the state, its officials and emanations. In a democracy the rule of law, itself legitimizes judicial review. An examination of judicial review requires consideration in particular of four matters, namely the principle of the separation of powers, the rule of law, the principle of constitutionality or legality and the reach of judicial review. The brief facts of this case are that in 1974 the respondent, Somerset County Council, appropriated land, which had been used by the Quantock Staghounds, since the 1920s. In 1993 a report had been completed which urged the council to come to a decision based on ethics, animal welfare and social considerations and it was decided to ban stag hunting on the land. In this connection, Laws J found that the resolution had been passed

Historical Example of Labor Supply and Demand Essay Example for Free

Historical Example of Labor Supply and Demand Essay The Luddite Revolt was a part of history that was relatively unknown to me. As such I decided to read it in great length. What I discovered was that at the dawn of the industrial revolution there became massive unemployment. This is because traditional craftsman were obsolete to some of the new manufacturing processes of the day. The industrial revolution made handmade crafts a thing of the past. The luddites were not adapted to handle the situation. These craftsmen felt so threatened by the new technology that they resorted to breaking the means of production associated with it. In 1816 there was a violent revolt of a Luddites which resulted in the breakage of 53 frames at Heathcote and Boden mills in Loughsboro UK. The cost of this revolt was significant. With automated machines now able to produce goods at a faster and cheaper rate than individual merchants these people found themselves without economic viability. They were reduced to being unskilled factory workers instead of the skilled craftsmen they had been before. Consequentially their wages suffered. Work that would have gained someone financial stability or independence was now paid at a substantially less price. In addition these folks didn’t have the ability to sell their own goods any longer. As they were now working in someone else’s factory they had little or no control over what was the asking price of the end product. The frustration these people felt led to the Luddite Revolts.

World War Two Essay Example for Free

World War Two Essay After World War Two, the United States government faced a problem. Against Soviet pressure in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, it wanted to convince the world, especially new nations emerging from colonialism, of America’s moral leadership. Often, it found that its most exasperating opponents were some of its own people. The Unites States was profoundly racially segregated. In many states, blacks were legally relegated to separate and profoundly unequal schools. Businesses followed social or legal rules which barred or degraded blacks. Courts often functioned with a callousness and brutality of authoritarian regimes. In Cold War Civil Rights, Mary Dudziak shows how international needs prompted the United States to respond to its racial problems. In America’s long struggle to deal with race, leaders had often brought foreign influence to bear. Frederick Douglass had appealed for help in England, arguing that the whole human family needed to address this problem. 1 During World War I, the war to make the world safe for democracy, black leaders had sought to make America safe for Americans, but to little avail. World War Two marked the turning point. Fighting against regimes that spouted racist ideologies while still segregating its armed forces, America found it had to confront its own moral dilemma (pp. 7-8. ), especially as this dilemma took on strategic implications: Axis propaganda mocked the notion that non-whites could expect justice from racist America. (Pp. 8-9. ) While some voices were raised, the problem went largely ignored. America had not yet committed itself to the ideals that it had sacrificed so much to secure for others. (Pp. 9-11) The Cold War hobbled the use of foreign influence to aid the civil rights effort. Anyone airing domestic issues overseas might now be linked, often wrongly, to communist agitation. (P. 12) Still, a space remained, in which civil rights was driven by international concerns. America found it had to project an increasingly detailed image abroad. International pressures forced the United States to show itself confronting its racial problems. Often, this meant that international concerns drove the federal government and major social and political leaders to deal with domestic racial issues. (Pp. 13-14) Inherently, national leaders in international affairs were thrust into prominence in civil rights struggles. Professor Dudziak points out that her emphasis on the roles of leaders â€Å"should not be seen as an effort to privilege a top-down focus as ‘the’ story of civil rights history. † (P. 14) The vignette with which she opens the book illustrates how leaders were involved. In 1958, a black handyman in Marion, Alabama was charged with stealing less than two dollars in change from a white woman. Charged solely with robbery, he was convicted by an all-white jury and sentence to death. The case caused an outcry around the world. American businessmen overseas feared losing substantial market leverage if the death sentence was carried out. From around the globe, the United States heard calls to overturn the sentence. In the American government, this international pressure was focused on the American official charged with such concerns, the Secretary of State. John Foster Dulles probably did not care about a black handyman from Alabama, but he could not ignore the dispatches pouring in from American consular offices. He telegraphed the governor of Alabama, and the governor reported himself ready to respond to the outpouring of interest in the case. The sentence was quickly commuted. (Pp. 3-6) Turning to the story of how international pressure and domestic race relations shaped one another, Dudziak combine colorful details with a command of the big picture. She begins with Truman, who came to office facing racial concerns. Southern whites fought to defend a way of life threatened by the changes the war had wrought. (Pp. 19-23) Eventually, his reelection effort forced Truman to press the civil rights issue. Hoping he would win voters from the Republicans and the Progressives, Truman’s advisors urged him to speak out on civil rights. His advisors gambled that this would attract black voters, and reasoned that the south would stay safely Democratic. (Pp. 24-25) Accepting this advice, Truman called for civil rights measures that he knew he could not get through Congress. (Pp. 25-26) To his chagrin, southern Democrats bolted and formed their own party, but the strategy worked. Truman carried critical states, polling better among blacks than Roosevelt had done four years earlier. (P. 26) Truman’s key issue was the Cold War, and Truman found that America’s enemies made racial relations a major story. How could the United States claim that to be a model for emerging nations when America was so segregated? Throughout the world, the news media stressed racial issues. A California court decision striking down an antimiscegenation law was widely reported in the Philippines. (Pp. 32-33) American race problems were constant news in India. (P. 32) Communists focused on race issues, trying to embarrass the United States. (Pp. 38-39)2 And America embarrassed itself internationally when foreign diplomats were barred from various facilities. 3 To beat the bad foreign coverage, the United States tried to tell its own story. (Pp. 44-46) As Dudziak shows, some efforts foundered because the world did not share America’s zeal for anti-communism. Pp. 54-60) Even people the government wanted to enlist in its efforts sometimes balked. Sadly, blacks who failed to meet expectations established and enforced by zealous officials often faced serious pressure, as shown by the cases of Paul Robseon (pp. 61-62), Louis Armstrong (pp. 66-67), and Josephine Baker (pp. 67-77). President Truman desegregated the American military. Frustrated that Congress would do nothing on civil rights, Truman used his executive authority to order the military to integrate. (Pp. 82-90) Important as this action was, Dudziak argues that Truman made an even greater contribution by supporting the efforts of the NAACP’s legal attacks on desegregation. Through its briefs amicus curea and other arguments, the government pushed back the color line, often by showing the courts how important these cases were to American international prestige. (Pp. 82-114)4 President Eisenhower was frankly reluctant to endorse the great legal case of Brown v. Board. But in September 1957, he had to decide if Arkansas was part of the United States. Orville Faubus called out the Arkansas national guard. In naked defiance of the Supreme Court, he ordered that blacks be kept out of Little Rock’s schools. He argued that tensions were so high that if the schools were forced to integrate, violence would follow. To protect the black students, he would keep them segregated. (P. 116) As Eisenhower knew, the world was watching Little Rock, and America’s prestige stood in the balance. Huge teams of correspondents from around the world reported each steps of the strange dance of Washington and Arkansas. (Pp. 115-44) After tolerating three weeks of stalling, Eisenhower acted. The 82nd Airborne Division, with fixed bayonets, surrounded Central High School and escorted nine black student inside. (P. 129) Just nine days later, American prestige took another blow: the Soviets launched Sputnik. (P. 145) Roused, the United States dealt with both problems using a single tactic: decisive action. Space programs were accelerated, and the government moved ahead in Arkansas. (Pp. 145-46) On the legal front, the Supreme Court ruled that the rights of blacks could not be sacrificed to whites who would use violence or the threat of violence to hold them back. (Pp. 146-47)5 John Kennedy came to office as an activist. Unfortunately, he failed to grasp the need for activity in the field of civil rights. Hoping to concentrate on international relations, he was embarrassed and felt undercut by the Freedom Riders trying to desegregate buses in the south embarrassing. (P. 158) Initially he largely placated southern Democrats. (P. 156) Slowly, however, he learned with newly formed African nations, American standing required pressing civil rights. (Pp. 162-63) Kennedy did act decisively when riots broke out at the University of Mississippi , and much of the world applauded. (Pp 163-66) Still, African diplomats continued to face embarrassments in traveling to and from Washington. (Pp. 152-54, 1167-69) In 1963, Birmingham. Alabama police used brutal tactics to try to suppress civil right marches. Television images of police brutality (pp. 169-70) raised cries, especially in Africa, that racists were barring all legal change. As Kennedy pressured Alabama, the world applauded. (Pp. 175-78) Feeling the impatience of civil rights activists at home and abroad, in May 1963, Kennedy tried to change the American legal system, which faced new defiance from southerners even as he realized that under traditional American law, the federal government was powerless to act in many civil rights matter. He appeared before a joint session of Congress and called for of bold civil rights laws. (P. 180) This speech galvanized the civil rights movement at home and abroad. (Pp. 181-83) Throughout the world people praised this new initiative. (Pp. / 185-86) At home, the civil rights movement made the first great march on Washington. Even as new problems arose, it seemed that Kennedy was ready to deal with them. (Pp. 198-99) In the wake of Kennedy’s assassination, Lyndon Johnson pressed new civil rights measures through Congress, giving the federal government sweeping powers to enforce civil rights. (Pp. 203-20) Simultaneously, the federal courts abolished travel restrictions that had limited Americans’ rights to travel overseas. (P. 220) One American who traveled during this period was Martin Luther King, going to Norway to accept the 1964 Nobel peace prize. (Pp. 222-26)6 When Dr. King returned to lead marches from Selma, Alabama, he had a firm and supportive governmental response, communist criticism of American civil rights faltered. (Pp. 234-39 But even then, the civil rights movement was destroying itself. Urban riots brought violence and despair rather than movement. Dr. King was assassinated. Robert Kennedy was assassinated. The United States fought a war in Vietnam in which its overwhelmingly non-Asian army seemed totally oblivious to the issues of occupying an Asian nation. (Pp. 242-48) The story that Dudziak tells in this book is important to American history. Civil rights and world events did one another during this period. Now, with globalization and the Internet making the entire world essentially local, America needs to consider this period, learn from it, and learn how to apply those lessons to the present. ENDNOTES

The Social Problem: Cyber Bullying

The Social Problem: Cyber Bullying Amanda Todd was a teenager that committed suicide because she got cyber bullied. In 7th grade Amanda used to video chat on the internet with new people to hope to make new friends and she got compliment on her looks. Amanda did not realize that talking to someone she does not know is sometimes not so good. One day she was talking to a stranger. She did not know him and hoped to become friends with him. Well she did not realize that she was talking to a cyber-bully. He asked her to show her breast. A couple hours later the creeper black emailed Amanda and said he will publish those pictures in the internet unless she gives him a show. During a Christmas break the police told her that the pictures of her were found on the internet. She was really depressed so she started to use drugs and alcohol and her family moved to a new home. But the stranger knew that she was moving so he sent people of her new school the pictures to the students. So she changed school again. Her old guy friend u sed Amanda for sex while he is within a relationship with another girl. His girlfriend found out and she and a group of other people just beat her up. After the attack decided to committed suicide by drinking bleach but she was rushed to next hospital to get her stomach pumped. While she was in the hospital people were making fun of her failed suicide attempt on Facebook and other social networks. So Todd moved to another school and hoped to restart her life. But her past was not forgotten. People from her old school kept on teasing her on Facebook for 6 more months after she left. Amanda had to go to the hospital because of depression for two days. On her new school students teased her for her bad grades and for going to the hospital for her depressions. Amanda could not take it anymore and posted a video on YouTube of her holding flashcards about her life and depression and showed her arm which had several cuts on it. Amanda Todd was found hanged in her room on October 10th 2012. (Wikipedia) Cyber bullying can ruin somebodys life like Amandas life. She was just a girl who wants to meet new friends with him. But she talked to the wrong guy and she ended up being depressed and committed suicide. This could happen to anybody on this world, because they are tons of people who use Facebook or other social networks to stalk people. In my paper I am going to write about what cyber bullying actually is, how you can stop it, and why people do it. Well what is cyber bullying? Most of the people think it is just teenager just making fun of other people on the internet. It is true that teenagers are making fun of other teenager but there is more about it. The web page stopcyberbullying.org says cyber bullying is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones. (STOPcyberbullying) Internet has become a big influence in our daily life. We use it to shop, to look up information, play online-video games or listen to music. Even our phones have internet now. One of the main reason we use it though is to communicate and meet new friends on social networks like Facebook or Twitter. Zuckerberg announced that they are 500 million daily active users (Protalinski, zdnet.com). Cyberbullying is probably the worst to bully someone. Not only students from their own school will humiliated, embarrassed and many other things that person. Every single teenager or adult could make fun of her or him if they wanted too. To be bullied and alienated from the whole word is not the greatest feeling. It is depressing and the victims feel like that everybody hates them. But they do not only get bullied on the internet. Most of them also get bullied in person and not only on the internet. On October 7, 2006 Ryan Patrick Halligan committed suicide. He was bullied and cyber bullied. Ryan was a sweet, gentle and lanky thirteen year old fumbling his way through early adolescence and trying to establish his place in the often confusing and difficult social world of middle school. His parents said he had the magic ability to bring a smile to anyone that looked his way. Seems like Ryan is great kid and want nothing bad for nobody else. But no human is perfect neither is Ryan. He had problems with his speech, language and motor skills and needed special education from pre-school until fourth grade. The special education team loved Ryan because of his sense of humor. Eventually Ryan had go back to school and knew that he was not academically strong like his class mates are. It bothered him that he is not like his classmates are. One day Ryan thought he finally met a girl that actually likes him. So they started to message each other and having deep conversations and Ryan start ing to like her a lot. The thing is that he did not know that girl just played him for her and her friends amusement. She showed her friends the messages he sent her and the girls just start humiliating and embarrassing him. They called him a loser and other names because of problem with speaking and reading and writing. Ryan could not take it anymore and committed suicide on the October 7, 2006. (Halligan, Ryans story) His parents were so upset about their sons lost; they wanted everybody to know about Ryans story. So they made a web page and travelled from school to school to tell the children about how giving somebody names for and making fun of someone can hurt the victims really bad and make them have thoughts about killing their self. Why do people bully other people on the internet or even person when it is obvious that it hurts them? There are actually two main reasons for teenagers to bully other people. One of them is when somebody is famous and popular at school. They might bully to stay popular. The other students think since the popular kid is doing it they also should start bullying the victim. So the popular teenager has the whole school against one person. Hurting other people make them more powerful. The other reason is someone who is less socially successful and wants to be accepted by their peers and cliques. They do not get enough respect from somebody else. So by bullying somebody they are hoping that they will get the respect from others. Also they do not really understand the victim feels when he gets bullied and is just hoping that he or she is not the next one. (Delete cyberbullying) There are other reasons like a student has a problem with his parents so they let their anger out on other students, or that they are depressed because they cannot get what they want. The main reason why they bully is because they want to make them feel better about their self. And it is even easier to cyber bully. You can humiliate somebody on the internet without knowing who the bully is. People make fake accounts or post videos about someone and can be totally animus about it and the whole internet can see it. Here is another example. A beautiful 17 year old girl goes to a high school in a big city and has friends and actually has no problems at school. Well one night she made a bad choice. She went to a high school party. She saw her friends drinking alcohol so out of peer pressure she drinks too. Everything seems to be fine but then she met this guy on that party. He knew that she was drunk so he used her. That girl loses her virginity on that night and some people knew about it. A Couple weeks later the girl finds out that she is pregnant. She gets called bad names at school and everybody is making fun of her. When she comes back from school she starts crying in her room and just wishes that she never even went to that party. Later when she was on the internet she saw people posting a video. In that video a girl was wearing her mask with the face of her and she put stuff under her shirt to look pregnant. The girl on the video says hey my name Elizabeth smith and Im so drunk. Does someon e wants to have some fun with me? the girl just breaks apart and cried for hours and does not come to school anymore because she knows that people will talk bad about her. She saw on Facebook how everybody calls her a slut and other names. So she thinks to commit suicide because she does not see a future in her life. Everybody knows her name and story because it is all over Facebook and other social networks. No matter what she does or goes people will embarrass her about the bad choice she made and call her names. This story is just made up but what it does not mean it could happen in real life. Or maybe it already has. It could happen so easy. How can you stop cyber bullying then? What can you do to avoid things like in cases of Amanda or Ryan or even the story above? One thing you can do is ignore it. If somebody says how ugly or stupid you look on a picture on Facebook then you should just ignore it. Cyber bullies want to grab your attention and they want you to think you are ugly or fat or stupid. If the bully still comments bad things about you then you should talk to someone like a friend or adult and show them what the bully has been saying about you. Ask for their advice and help. Maybe they can talk to the bully and tell him or her to stop. If possible cut the communication with the bully. Delete and block his number and block him from your social networks account. What also may help is if you report the bully on that web site so he might get kicked out. If none of the above helps and he keeps on bullying then you should talk to the police about it. (Delete cyberbullying) Here are the things you should not do. You should never come to the bullys level and try to talk bad about him because that is what he wants. The bully will always find something against you. Also do not forward messages from the bully. It could make the problem worse because you never know how far an email chain can go. One big mistake some victims do is believing the bully and thinking it is true what he says about you. The bully just wants to break your self-esteem. (Delete cyberbullying) It is really important to do the right thing if you are in situation like that. If you do not do anything about it and just take the attacks from someone like that, then you might end up being depressed and do not feel like it is important to live anymore since everybody hates you. What is difference between cyber bullying than just normal bullying? Why is cyber bully so more dangerous? The difference is not only that cyber bully is on the internet or on the cell phone; there is a lot more behind it. Real life bullying usually end when school ends but cyber bullying continues and does not stop. One big factor why it is so dangerous is the anonymity. Now it is a lot easier to be anonym on the internet. Everybody can make an email account and then create a fake account on YouTube, Facebook, twitter and many more. If you a person bullies in person well everybody knows him and in the worst scenario parents can do something about it. But what do you if you have no clue who the bully is? Also it makes it easier for the bully to say things to the victim per message than talk in person and say it in his face. Also once something really embarrassing for the victim is on the internet; it will stay in other peoples mind forever and will not forget about it so easy. Best e xample is Tyler Clementi. He got caught on video by his friends having sex with an older man. Tyler could not hold the stress anymore so he jumped off a bridge and died. So once it gets on public the whole world knows about it. This is another factor that makes cyber bully so dangerous. (Delete cyberbully) So what are the effects of cyber bullying? How bad has it become? 2 13 million 17 year olds were victims of cyber bullying. 8 percent of them affected by cyber bullying try to commit suicide. (Chacha) Those are only the facts about one age group. The movie Cyberbully is probably a good way to show cyber bullying. Taylor Hillridge a teenage girl iss a cyber-bullying victim and the cost it nearly takes on her and her family. Taylor is a pretty 17-year-old high school student but she is a little awkward, and she knows it. When her mom gives her a computer for her birthday, Taylor is excited by the prospect of freedom and the independence of going online without her mother always looking over her shoulder. Taylor soon finds herself the victim of bullying on a social website, and afraid to face her peers at school, including her best friend, she is pushed to a breaking point. Its only after this life-changing event that Taylor learns that she is not alone meeting other teens, including a classmate, who has had similar experiences. Taylors mom, Kris, reels from the incident and takes on the school system and state legislation to help prevent others from going through the same harrowing ordeal as her daughter. The movie is not a true story. ABC made that movie to show people what cyber bullying is and what it can do to people. It is a warning to people and they were hoping that by making the movie that at least some people stop it. Nearly 43% of kids have been bullied online. 1 in 4 has had it happen more than once. Almost half of American teens and kids have been cyber bullied and to some people it has happened more than once. It gets worse. 70% of students report seeing frequent bullying online. If so many people see cyber bullying, why dont they do something about it? Why cant just anybody tell the bully to stop because he is hurting the victims feelings? The answer is because they are too scared to get also bullied because he is helping the victim. So the bystander just watches how one person ruins the other persons life. The best thing about it is that 68% teens agree that cyber bullying is a serious problem but they dont do anything about it. But there are people who tell bullies to stop. 90% of teens who have seen social-media bullying say they have ignored it. 84% have seen others tell cyber bullies to stop. (Dosomething.org). It is obvious that cyber bullying is a big problem. Most people are too scared to help or stop it because they do not want to become the next victim and the victims dont ask for help because they dont want to make it worse. Only 1 in 10 victims will inform a parent or trusted adult of their abuse. But a lot of people are bullying. 54% teens admit that have bullied some online or through text message or said something that hurt the victims feelings. Since the victims are sometimes too scared to tell their own parents. How do you know that your own child is getting cyber bullied? There some symptoms. One of them is that maybe your child acts differently and does not is own routine anymore like waking up too late or too early, sleep longer or less, or the teen does not want to hang out with his friends so much anymore. Also if the parents know that their kid is being bullied at school could be a sign of cyber bullying because like above bullies dont just stop bullying when school is over. Nowadays most kids have phones and internet and have Facebook or twitter account. So they can harass the victim 24/7. Another sign is low-esteem. If the parents or teacher see that the kid has low-esteem and he thinks bad about them self the whole time, then the parents should start thinking about what is wrong with their child. When the teenager gets really aggressive all off sudden is also a sign. One other symptom is low grades. The victim los es focus on school and his grades are getting worse. (Cyberbullyingfacts) Of course there are more signs and symptom for cyber bullying. Like use of alcohol and drugs, skipping school, depression. But those are the main once. Parents need to make sure that their children can trust you with anything and then they will open up to you and tell what their problem is. Over all cyber bullying became a big problem in America and other countries. It hurts people and makes them feel bad about them self and it is the worst way to harass and humiliate somebody. Even celebrities notice it or had experience of it. Demi Lovato was cyber bullied in middle school. People were harassing her in middle school. Demi created a web page that helps teens who have problem with cyber bullying. But also other famous people are against it and helping. Cyber bullying can get so bad that some teenager get depressed and sometimes kill them self because they dont see an end in this. There is not much you can do about it because of the anonymity in the internet. But there are some things a victim and friends and adults can do to help the victim and to stop the cyber bullying. The victim can block the bully and ignore the harassment. Friends can help them by telling the bully to stop and that their friend is not what the bully tells him. Parents, teachers and other adults ca n tell the bully to stop and threating him with telling the police about his bullying. Those are the main points of stopping it. But people are actually need to do it and dont be scared of the consequences if they tell an adult or a friend for help. If they dont do anything about it early then it might be too late and the victim has already thoughts of suicide or other things. Words can hurt more than physical bullying because bruises from a fight will stay wont last long but those words stays in the victims mind for a long time. Work cited 11 Facts About Cyber Bullying. Do Something. 26 Jan. 2013 . Amanda Todd. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Dec. 2012. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. How Many People Die Because of Cyber Bullying? Questions Answers. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. Delete Cyberbullying. Why Do People Cyberbully? N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. Latest PostsCyber Bullying Facts. Cyber Bullying Facts. 26 Jan. 2013 . Ryans Story. Ryans Story Presentation. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. STOP Cyberbullying: What Is Cyberbullying, Exactly? STOP Cyberbullying: What Is Cyberbullying, Exactly? N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. Zuckerberg: 500 Million Daily Active Users on Facebook. ZDNet. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2013.

Fundamentals of Gangs Essay -- Gangs Gang Drugs Crime Essays

Fundamentals of Gangs Street gangs are an organization of young people that are usually in their teens and twenties. They join together and claim a territory or neighborhood as their own. They are known for being violent and heavily involved in drug peddling. On the streets graffiti is the means of communication of territorial limits and to challenge other gangs. A challenge can be anything from making a mark on enemy territory or crossing out enemy tag. There are generally 4 types of individuals associated with street gangs. The â€Å"hard-cores† are the members who talk, act, dress, and commit criminal acts as a gang member. The â€Å"Associates† will identify themselves with gang members in there neighborhood, but rarly get involved. the â€Å"Peripherals† are those who identify with gangs for protection or for favors. These are mostly women . They are used to carry drugs or guns for members in return for money or drugs. Than there are the â€Å"gonna-be’s† they are people who aren’t gang members but wear gang clothes and act like gang members. They are sometimes more dangerous than normal members. They are the recruitment pool for new members. The gang warfare of the 1980’s into today, is just as dangerous to join as to be a member. To join one of these gangs one must do all sorts of crazy things to â€Å"prove your loyalty to the gang.† Which could be anything from committing a crime to playing Russian roulette. Crip members initiate into the gang by committing a crime in front of gang witnesses. The initiation process is called â€Å"Loc'ing†-In. Female members have the option to commit a crime or become Sexed-In (Sex with several older members). The most common form of initiation into other gangs is something that they call â€Å"walking the line.† The â€Å"prospect† is instructed to walk between two lines of gang members, with his/her hands behind them, while members beat and kick them. The prospect must repeat this process until they get from one end of the line to the other without falling down. Along with the initiation routines is the memorization of alliance and set history, organization and mythical symbolism that the gangs refer to as â€Å"knowledge.† Some of this knowledge was the explosion of Street Gangs in the Los Angeles area during the mid to late twentieth century. There were three main periods where gangs in Los Angeles grew at a rapid rate. The first of which was... ...nforcement to track and identity. Presently there are about 200 known Crip gangs in Los Angeles and 70 Blood gangs. Both the Crips and the Bloods developed their own distinctive style that would let anyone recognize them at a sight glance. Just by looking at the color of their clothes, or their tattoos they can be easily distinguished. The Crips started using the color blue for their clothing to set them apart from other gangs. Also the Crips began referring to each other as â€Å"Cuzz,† short for cousin. While the bloods wore red, and referred to each other as â€Å"bloods.† A select group of bloods get a tattoo of two burned dots over a single burned dot. This represents a dog’s paw, so they refer to each other as â€Å"dog’s.† A lot of times members of the Crips dislike using words that start with â€Å"B† and bloods dislike using words that start with â€Å"C.† So to a blood a word like cigarette would bigarette.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These gangs have a long and complex history that came together in the 1980’s to have many riots and gang wars. Many people were killed it was horrible. There history has been filled with a lot of violence. And now what started as a group of people has turned into a way of life.

The Nuremberg Trials Essay -- Essays Papers

The Nuremberg Trials On June 22, 1945 representatives from France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States started to plan the prosecution of the main Axis war criminals. These representatives had to establish a fair way of trying the criminals because the world had never seen a situation like the one at hand. The result of the meeting was the International Military Tribunal. The Tribunal’s constitution set forth the principles the defendants were subject to. The panel of Allied representatives decided to hold the trial in Nuremberg. Nuremberg was chosen because the city served as the center of Nazi activities and offered nice facilities (Keeshan 3). Lawyers from the Allied powers submitted an indictment to the Tribunal on October 18, 1945. The indictment charged twenty-four Nazi leaders with crimes committed during World War II (Keeshan 9). The trials were set to start in the middle of November in 1945. Allied troops with the help of some German citizens restored the city because the city was in ruins prior to the scheduled starting date of the trial. The Nazi leaders were incarcerated in Nuremberg in August 10, 1945 (Keeshan 13). A defendant named Robert Ley committed suicide two weeks before the start of the trial. Therefor, an Allied guard was placed at the door of each Nazi leader’s prison door to stop them from killing themselves. When the November trial date finally arrived the city was restored, the defendants were secured and the trial was ready to begin (Keeshan 20). The brutal crimes that the defendants were on trial for revolved around the "Holocaust." It is important to understand the meaning of the word holocaust when viewing the defendant’s case. The definition of hol... ...onot 498). The rest of the guilty defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment including Rudolf Hess. Hess was the deputy to the Fuehrer and successor to Hitler after Goering. Hess hung himself in 1987. The men sentenced to death were killed on October 16, 1946 and their ashes were put into a river outside of Munich. Symbolically, "the center of the Nazi movement became the grave of its leaders (Conot 507)." Works Cited - Bosch, William. Judgement on Nuremberg. Chapel Hill, NC: U. of North Carolina Press, 1970. - Conot, Robert. Justice at Nuremberg. New York: Harper & Row Press, 1983. - Keeshan, Anne. Justice at Nuremberg. New York: Marvel Press, 1950. - Rosenbaum, Alan. Prosecuting Nazi War Criminals. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993. - Smith, Bradley. The Road to Nuremberg. New York: Basic Books Publishers, 1981.

Macbeth - Tragedy Or Satire :: essays research papers

William Shakespeare wrote four great tragedies, the last of which was written in 1606 and titled Macbeth. This "tragedy", as it is considered by societal critics of yesterday's literary world, scrutinizes the evil dimension of conflict, offering a dark and gloomy atmosphere of a world dominated by the powers ofdarkness. Macbeth, more so than any of Shakespeare's other tragic protagonists, has to face the powers and decide: should he succumb or should he resist? Macbeth understands the reasons for resisting evil and yet he proceeds with a disastrous plan, instigated by the prophecies of the three Weird Sisters. Thus we must ask the question: If Macbeth is acting on the impulses stimulated by the prophecies of his fate, is this Shakespearean work of art really a Tragedy? Aristotle, one of the greatest men in the history of human thought, interpreted Tragedy as a genre aimed to present a heightened and harmonious imitation of nature, and, in particular, those aspects of nature that touch most closely upon human life. This I think Macbeth attains. However, Aristotle adds a few conditions. According to Aristotle, a tragedy must have six parts: plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle, and song. Most important is the plot, the structure of the incidents. Tragedy is not an imitation of men, but of action and life. It is by men's actions that they acquire happiness or sadness. Aristotle stated, in response to Plato, that tragedy produces a healthful effect on the human character through a katharsis, a "proper purgation" of "pity and terror." A successful tragedy, then, exploits and appeals at the start to two basic emotions: fear and pity. Tragedy deals with the element of evil, with what we least want and most fear to face, and with what is destructive to human life and values. It also draws out our ability to sympathize with the tragic character, feeling some of the impact of the evil ourselves. Does Macbeth succeed at this level? Can the reader feel pity and terror for Macbeth? Or does the reader feel that Macbeth himself is merely a branch from the root of all evil and not the poor, forsaken, fate-sunken man, according to Aristotle's idea of tragedy, he is supposed to portray? Can the reader "purge" his emotions of pity and fear by placing himself in the chains of fate Macbeth has been imprisoned in? Or does he feel the power and greed upon which Macbeth thrives, prospers, and finally falls?

Examining Disadvantages of U.S. High School System Essay

In light of a lot of controversial issues over education matters, different people take different sides and give out individual opinions. There is a common belief that good education would provide a country with a lot of benefits such as more promising economic growth and higher living standards. As the global economic recession is taken more seriously, more and more people are now turning their attention to education in America, the most powerful country in the world, asking whether it will be still up to its name in the future and what kind of improvement to education can make contribution to the social economy. In addition, media also gives data on America’s stagnant education outcome. In a study released in September 2009, what stands out is that U.S. students scored the lowest in Math and Science, with a Math result â€Å"in the bottom quarter of all the countries that participated, including Finland, China and Estonia†(Lattimore). As well, Secretary of Education Arne Duncan claimed that students are going to struggle in the global market competition without intellectual growth. Thus, education issues become outstanding among all the challenges people are going to meet in the recent future. Since secondary education plays a fundamental and transitional role in one’s whole education journey, here are examinations of important factors in the current U.S. public high school system that cause its education quality to decline. Students are not being helped by tests because standards are not rigorous in American high schools. According to Dr. Kristy Vernille, an expert in Mathematics Curriculum and Instruction, American students usually move from grade to grade easily and â€Å"without having to demonstrate competency in any subject matter†, as a result of the loose and vague test standards in America (Vernille 5). Although American students are often asked to take a lot of standardized tests, based on the American Federation of Teachers, the tests results of students usually do not influence their progress through the system. Furthermore, state and commercial tests have lower degree of difficulty and focus on less-advanced problem solving than the international tests; at the same time, international tests include more open-response items (in which students have to show how they solve the problems), whereas â€Å"the United States tests are predominantly multiple-choice items with little intellectual demand associated with determining the answer† (AFT 15). Under these circumstances, U.S. students are not motivated for further study or higher academic accomplishment, resulting in their lower competency than their international peers. However, establishing more rigorous test standards in the U.S. public school system will improve American students’ academic performance. To demonstrate, in China, there is a highly standardized test named â€Å"the National College Entrance Examination†. It also appeared in Time magazine as the â€Å"most pressure packed examination in the world† (Siegel). The Entrance Examination is held for the sake of selecting students for higher education and leadership, and is taken by every Chinese twelfth grader every year. In every state, schools are informed what to teach students and what will probably appear in the exam (Schaack 5). During the preparation for the exam, students have to receive an extremely large amount of information from teachers and finally implement it into the Entrance Exam. Those who perform extraordinarily well are admitted to the nation’s top universities; â€Å"the rest find spots in provincial universities or two- and three-year coll eges† (Siegel). Due to the fact that Chinese students are under such kind of pressure, they are more likely to learn things in order to be competitive and prepared for their future. To a large degree, their academic achievement is related to their educational policies and environment. They don’t have many alternatives in their testing system, which is considered to be fair and standardized. This method can be adopted by American public school system to reduce their test alternatives, in other words, to make a standard in the testing system. With a more clear and rigorous standard, American students are going to have better understanding of what teachers convey and what skills they are supposed to pick up. Thus, academic improvement will subsequently be fostered. Besides the lack of a rigorous testing standard, American schools set up their curriculums based on the education policy approved by law, resulting in negative consequences. Since the No Child Left Behind program was signed into law in 2002, test scores have become the most basic measure of school quality (Ravitch 15). Schools then had to modify the curriculums to enhance their test scores in order not to lose students. How does education make sense when the purpose of testing goes beyond the substance of learning? Diane Ravitch, a historian of education and educational policy analyst, writes this program â€Å"demanded that schools generate higher test scores †¦ It ignored such important studies as history, civics, literature, science, the arts, and geography. Though the law required states to test students eventually in science, the science scores didn’t count on the federal scorecard†(Ravitch 16). She watched her hope for better education fall though she was initially supportive of the so-called education reform. Under this circumstance, coupled with the contemporary, vague, unchallenging test standard, schools are rather unlikely to have curriculums that can help students develop fully or help them attain high scores in those more advanced and comprehensive international tests. To illustrate, data collected by NCES (National Center for Education Statistics) shows that U.S. students perform the worst in areas like Math and Science. Especially in Math, U.S. high school students scored much lower than other countries that participated (Lattimore). Nevertheless, the situation can be changed if the whole school system revises the curriculums for the sake of students’ better development, which is the original intention of education. After that, tests should be based on the curriculums that schools are providing. How is it possible for students to achieve good grades while the test does not at all correspond to the courses they are taking? Although many people believe that the freedom of teaching and the freedom of learning are both significant, experts claim that a well-educated person has a well-furnished mind, â€Å"shaped by reading and thinking about history, science, literature, the arts, and politics†, and is armed with knowledge and skills that help him read, listen and also explain (Ravitch 16). Without basic knowledge and skills, people are unable to think critically, to debate or to question, let alone able to solve problems in tests or in their real lives. The continuous education reforms really expose th e effort that America is always trying to make for its nation. Nonetheless, paying too much attention to testing other than curriculum will only lead to a blow up of its previous efforts. Moreover, school resources, computer technology especially, are not being used effectively by teachers and students, causing a reduction in school productivity. It is now in the midst of the information age when technology use is widely spread. Although the goal of President Bill Clinton, â€Å"a computer in every classroom†, has practically been realized by American public schools and â€Å"the number of computers in U.S. schools has grown dramatically† (Evans 272), a research conducted by Harvard University economist Caroline Hoxby has shown that the productivity (the ratio of student performance to spending) has not increased as expected. Instead, it is declining (Woessmann 73). Originally, schools hope that technology can help students achieve better academic performance, instead of being a distraction for students. Hence, as can be seen in most schools, there are a lot of unwritten rules for students banning them from using electronic devices during class. But many students still behave as usual, making technology a destraction of class environment. For this reason, American schools are confused about whether their students are the beneficiaries or victims of this new age (Evans 272). Since it is a technological time, why not take good advantage of it? There are still many students in developing countries dreaming of this advantage that American students experience. And it definitely cannot be wasted. If students were guided to make good use of school resources, the teaching pace and quality would increase; homework assignments would receive more positive feedback; the testing burden would be lighter. Accordingly, the whole nation’s students would do much better academically. In addition to the hardware and software resources not being used well, adults are not paying enough attention to American students. During a student’s academic journey, adults around him can have a substantial influence on him. In particular, parental involvement has a considerably critical impact on their children’s education experience. If a child’s parents attach great importance to education, then the child would also tend to value their school work (Schaack 10). Again, to demonstrate using Chinese parents as an example, most of the time, they supervise their children’s behavior in school by attending parent-teacher conferences periodically, learning about their grades, discussing school programs and activities with their children, monitoring their homework and so on. They also provide private tutoring, paying private teachers, when their children are not performing as well as others or when they need to pass some specific tests and examinations. Some of the Chinese parents even consider their training to be high enough to teach their children while most American parents seem â€Å"less sure as to how much they could help† with children’s school work (Hunt and Hu 134). As a part of culture, Chinese students are motivated intensely by their parents to succeed in school from the time when they are young (Ho and Willims 136). In comparison, American parents’ involvement in their children’s education differs from area to area. During an interview with a Chinese student in Hillsdale High School, Yixi Wu, who left his country at the age of 15 and immigrated into America, he said that he could tell that American parents provide their children with more freedom when it comes to school matters. They care more about their children’s overall life pattern and everyday skills rather than pay too much attention on their academic achievement (Cannon and Ginsburg 122). However, parental involvement can substantially influence a student’s academic performance. To prove, statistics collected by Professor Esther Ho Sui-Chu from University of British suggest that â€Å"the most important parental-involvement factor at the individual level is Home Discussion. The estimated effect is approximately 12 percent of a standard deviation on both mathematics and reading achievement. This finding implies that an increase of 1 standard deviation in Home Discussion is associated with an increase in achievement of 0.12 of a standard deviation† (Ho and Willims 136). The result of this study really emphasizes the significant influence of parents’ facilitation on children’s academic success. Since cultures in Asian countries like China and Western countries like America are different, children in America manage to have more freedom in school life and academic matters. Consequently, their learning outcome compared to China is relatively lower. But if American parents pay more attention to their children’s school experience, more positive attitudes towards academic behavior will probably be fostered; homework assignment will have better quality; learning outcome will be more outstanding and dropout rates will definitely go down. Besides parents, teachers also have great academic influence on students and their impacts are more direct. Superficially, some people would consider that it was because in some countries teachers were too strict that students did not dare to obey them. This common recognition makes sense to some extent but is not exactly true. Obviously and overall, students are going to attain higher achievement if teachers pay more attention to them and give them corresponding advice on the difficulties they meet at school. As mentioned above, Chinese teachers have their own technique dealing with this issue. Usually, a Chinese teacher is going to ask a student to come to the board to solve a problem with everybody else watching him. If he is not able to have it done, others will try hard to help him deal with it so that no one will extremely lag behind. What’s more, if he still has difficulty figuring it out, teachers will ask him to go to his office after class and provide extra individua l tutoring. â€Å"In Contrast, in America, being called in front of a class and being critiqued by not only your teacher, but also by other peers, could be downright damaging to a student’s psyche† (Schaack 7). In this case, subsequently, students can only ask for help after class during teachers’ office hours, which are rather limited. What if one does not realize where his current position is compared to the others? What if he does not know what he misunderstands right after he gets confused? He will probably accumulate his misunderstanding and eventually lag far behind. Therefore, as the old saying goes â€Å"every coin has two sides†. In exchange for maintaining students’ self-esteem, American education has to lose some of its points in the international competition. Yet if the American schools were to learn from Chinese schools in this aspect, making the classroom environment to be more challenging and teacher-controlled, students are going to be more comp etitive and will achieve much better academically. Admittedly, there are still problems waiting to be fixed in America’s education system even if it has always been receiving a good reputation worldwide. With more rigorous test standards, students would have a better sense of direction in their education journey; with curriculums to be more comprehensive, students would be equipped with better skills for life and career; with more efficient use of resources, students would be able to release much of their pressure and make studying fun; and with the help from parents and teachers, students would probably be more motivated for further study and self-development. Fixing the defects in the U.S. education system and adopting advantages from other countries like China will awaken students’ potential, thereby improving the whole nation’s academic achievement, finally consolidating its title of the most powerful country in the world. Those who suit their actions to the time are wise. Hence, corresponding changes in educ ation turn out to be necessary for America to succeed in its self-progress as well as in the aggressive global competition. Work Cited American Federation of Teachers. â€Å"Setting higher sights: A need for more demanding assessments for U.S. eighth graders.† Washington, DC: American Federation of Teachers. July, 1998. Web. May, 2012. Cannon, J. and H. P. Ginsburg. â€Å"Doing the math: Maternal beliefs about early math ¬ematics versus language learning.† Early Education and Development. 2008. Web. May, 2012. Evans, Dennis L. Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial issues in secondary education. University of California, Irvine. 2002. Print. Ho Sui-Chu, Esther and J. Douglas Willims. â€Å"Effects of Parental Involvement on Eighth-Grade Achievement.† Sociology of Education. (April, 1996):126-141. Web. May, 2012. Hunt, Jessica H. and Bi Ying Hu. â€Å"Theoretical Factors Affecting Parental Roles in Children’s Mathematical Learning in American and Chinese-Born Mothers.† The School Community Journal. 2011. Web. May, 2012. Lattimore, K. â€Å"Students in U.S. Falling Behind i n Math and Science.† 8 September, 2009. Web. May, 2012. Ravitch, Diane. The Death and Life of the Great American School System: How testing and Choice Are Undermining Education. New York. Basic Book, 2010. Print. Schaack, Tara L. Van. â€Å"Comparing U.S. and Chinese Public School Systems.† University of Michigan. n.d. Web. May, 2012. Siegel, Benjemin. â€Å"Stressful Times for Chinese Students.† TIME. 12 June, 2007. Web. May, 2012. Vernille, Kristy. â€Å"Why Are U.S. Mathematics Students Falling Behind Their International Peers?† University of Maryland. n.d. Web. May, 2012. Woessmann, Ludger. â€Å"Why Students in Some Countries Do Better: International evidence on the importance of education policy.† Education Matters. 2001. Web. May, 2012.

How Grammar Is Taught in Task Based Language Learning Method

How Grammar Is Taught In toil Based Language Learning method The purpose of this essay is to check into how grammar is taught in task based linguistic process encyclopaedism method at upper secondary coil broad(prenominal) school and what guidance experient checkers have to offer. This is d adept by analyse task based actors line tuition method and current practice of use up grammar at upper secondary high school . Task based lyric poem information claims that apprentices discover the vocabulary dodge when they communicate. This claim is built upon the assumption that language is acquired through discourse.Task- based submiting focuses on learning about how language total shebang in discourse as an excitant to new language production the language input is language data, spoken and scripted texts, rather than language models presented as targeted structures. The whole issue is how to creation tasks which help learner to use the language to learn it, in other w ords, to develop their communicative competence. To retrace the design of this method, the teacher uses tasks as instruments to investigate how second language learning takes endow and what makes language learning successful respectively.The teacher also investigate which types of tasks contribute to the organic evolution of which kind of competence in learners. It is inhering to define what a task is so that curriculum developers and language educators mountain design genuine tasks that stimulate language use. In this section of procedure, the teacher must acquire out three stages pre-task, task- cycle and language focus. How do I teach grammar in task based language statement ? My students be from fifteen to nineteen old age old. They are Vietnamese students and they are non good at English.The number of students in my class is overload of about forty- five. Since my students much come into contact with English, they are not thought to need grammar rules as much. Since they learn the language in a native-like counselling almost, they repeatedly make some mistakes. So I need to choose an powerful method, task based learning language, to teach grammar. I reign it important to reaction the following questions when teaching grammar. First, what structure do I teach ?. Second, how do I forget students input?. Last , how do my students produce output? First, what structure do I teach ?It was important to take care to the students and picture what they needed to practice, and savour to find things that interest them. They also need to be aware of why they are learning the structure. For example Because I know my students urgency to say about their ability to do something, I decide to teach them auxilary verb finish in the structure subject + stern + bare infinitive verb Grammar teaching has become integrated with activities focu blether on meaning and is taught to a greater extent through examples than by using grammatic terminology.Then , h ow do I hark back my students input?. I have to try to find something that makes it more interesting to give my students grammar input. It was encouraging for the students to be aware of what they are going to know, what they are good at, toughened at, what they sack up improve. Additionally, it is helpful for the students to know how they learn the best. What I believe communicative exercises in the main provide is fluency. The students are encouraged to experience a short video clip.The yield is going with his son in a zoo. Father(F) What can you see ? son(S) I can see a tiger . (F) And what can you see ? (S) I can see a bird. (F) And what can the bird do ?. (S) It can sing. (F) Oh, can you see a snake? (S) Yes, I can. (F) Can it sing? .(S) No , it cant. Motivation was a lot mentioned as very important for the students to be successful. Therefore, as a teacher to be able to motivate the students seemed to be a valuable asset.Communicating with them in this counsel als o gave the teacher a see to see what the students wanted to achieve. Grammar learning is necessity for it gives students the tools for developing their language. For students to learn grammar through communication seems the more natural way of draw close a language than studying rules in isolation. However, when the same errors are repeated, teachers have to channel the students? attention to those specific structures. are many another(prenominal) approaches, and what might not browse on one occasion might work on a different one

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

Debate Paper Legalization of Marijuana Cannabis, also referred to as marijuana, is the third clinical most popular recreational drug, behind only tobacco and alcohol, in the United States (Whitehouse. gov, 2013). Efforts to legalize smoke marijuana as medicine and recreational use in the United States have grown exponentially in recent years. According to the more Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marijuana may help decrease nausea, stimulate appetite, and decrease pain (2006).So many women and men talk about Marijuana like its not a medication.Overall, 6. 9 percent, or 17. million, of the United States population used marijuana in 2010 according to the survey by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Increase Use of Marijuana, 2011, para. 2).Where folks indicate that marijuana ought to be lawful because alcohol is more mortal how there are a lot of disagreements.

$5. 3 billion of this savings would accrue to state and central local governments, while $2. billion would accrue to the federal government† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d.Marijuana ought to be legal.7 billion per year, but losing potential revenue. Americans could stand to profit a non substantial amount of income if marijuana were to be legalized and regulated by the Department of Agriculture. â€Å"Revenue from double taxation of marijuana sales would range from $2. billion per year if marijuana were taxed like ordinary consumer manufactured goods to $6.Marijuana isnt legal in New Hampshire, whatever the quantity you own.

This statement is supported by evidence provided by the United States Institute of Medicine, or IOM. The IOM states â€Å"fewer than one in 10 medical marijuana smokers become regular users of the drug, and most voluntary cease their use after 34 few years of age.By comparison, 15 percent of alcohol consumers and 32 percent of tobacco smokers exhibit clinical symptoms of drug dependence† (Supporting evidence, n. d.Retail marijuana wasnt the choice among De Beque s steps.President Richard anti Nixon commissioned the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse in 1972.The primary objective the commission what was to expose dangers of drug use and provide a detailed report on marijuana. Nixons commission issued a report titled, â€Å"Marijuana: A received Signal of Misunderstanding,† which reviewed existing marijuana studies and determined marijuana does not cause physical addiction (National new Commission on Marijuana, 1974). Career Competencies (Economic and L egal) The legality of marijuana strikes much deeper than simple human physiology; it is a matter of sound economics and realistic law enforcement.Marijuana is the most commonly used drug among Americans.

Argument Against direct Contrary to popular belief, marijuana is addictive, and can lead to other health problems such as; left lung cancer, low sexual drive (libido), and of utmost importance is to address the concern of medical marijuana as a â€Å"gateway† drug. Addiction has been redefined and continually evolving for decades. Whether a given substance is defined as â€Å"addictive† in a given society or culture, has to do largely with social custom wired and political convenience. Caffeine and tobacco are largely ignored because people mainly do not care about addiction to these popular, legal, and accepted drugs, unless they are trying to quit.Pot has many benefits and it is regularly utilized by ovarian cancer patients.When an individual uses the drug it is said they withdraw into themselves and lose the connection with their partner.Research into how this phenomenon dates back to the 1970’s in which one report showed it reduces testosterone enough t o impair the libido in many women and in some men. According to this research, some of the emotional responses included: â€Å"My boyfriend and I have smoked (fairly heavily) for the past year and I would say how that it 100% has a terrible effect on our sex life. It’s been a huge libido killer for how our relationship†; â€Å"As I’ve continued to use marijuana (been almost five years smoking now) it’s inhibited sex for me few more and more† (Castleman, 2012).Therefore the reason behind marijuanas status isnt really there.

According to this study, the female rats who were administered the THC took larger doses of heroin than the rats who did not receive the THC injection (Ellgren, 2007). Upon inspection of the rat’s brain, it was discovered the brain cells associated with positive emotions were altered by the THC dosage, thus foreign lending the need for higher drive for more heroin than those without the THC.Ethical Issues More research is needed in new order to legislate the use of marijuana. Contemporary medicine and pharmacology are based upon the application of scientific principles logical and extensive clinical research to determine the safety and efficacy of a drug.Medicinal marijuana is possibly the choice of medication.Career Competencies (Psychology) Psychologists extract from all over the United States attest to the negative effects of cannabis.According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental mental Disorders (DSM) a cannabis user can develop; cannabis intoxication- development of maladaptive behavior that developed shortly after or during cannabis use; cannabis intoxication delirium- a disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or significant shift attention; cannabis-induced psychotic disorder, with delusions- prominent hallucinations or delusions in excess of those usually associated with the intoxication; and cannabis-induced anxiety disorder- prominent anxiety, panic attacks, or obsessions or compulsions that many causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning American Psychiatric Association, (2000).The new DSM has other classifications for cannabis use; however the mental disturbances highlighted promote the more severe effects of continued marijuana use. Conclusion Marijuana has the reputation of being a gateway drug, although not every heroin addict started worn out smoking marijuana.Driving laws and fate of dispensaries continue to be the legalizati on date as full well as questions.

Taxation of marijuana alone would help the economy. The fact the U. S. is muscular wasting 7.Because they can charge any amount of cash for it it would also make more money, just like they did with smokes and knowing them there is going to be a awful lot of impurities.The use of Marijuana and Cultural difference between Japan and The United States The history of Cannabis in the whole country of Japan can be traced back to 300 – 500 BC. Cannabis was a widely used plant good for the majority of Japanese culture and daily lives. Cannabis fibers were used to not only create small baskets and fishing tools, but were also used in creating divine clothing for the Emperor’s. Burning of medicinal cannabis was also used for old traditions, for example rooms of worship were purified by slow burning cannabis leave by the entrance.Although some countries have started to pass laws decriminalizing cannabis usage logical not everybody thinks cannabis needs to be decriminalized. < /p>

Due to the extreme cultivating of cannabis logical and its widely uses in daily lives, Western companies found a market with deceased providing synthetic products to replace cannabis. Today, cannabis is a drug guarded and considered taboo among the Japanese culture.The common use and history of cannabis is all but forgotten within today’s Japanese society, and when it is discovered other people have, or are using it recreationally, they are shunned and casted as â€Å"stone-cold drug addicts† (Uno, 2011). Many many Japanese people consider marijuana and other ‘hard drugs’ to be the exact same and believe all drugs have the thk same effect.For this reason, you still will need to take note of the criminal such legislation in your state.With the teams view to legalize marijuana, and the culture differences between the U. S. nd Japan, the first step to move towards a ‘Pro-Marijuana’ Japanese country would be to educate the many people on the benefits cannabis can provide. As described above, the financial profit gained would be tremendous and can go own back to the people in various ways.Cannabis may be used for treatment to begin with.

Retrieved from http://www. ama-assn. rg/ african American Psychiatric Association, (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (4th ed.Cannabis comprises a substance referred to.apa. org/topics/addiction/index. aspx Argument: Marijuana is not addictive. (n.Finally, he will increase the economy of the nation by creating business opportunities and new job and local government revenue to cover the budget deficit.

org/en/index. php/Argument:_Marijuana_is_not_addictive Bonnie, R. , & Whitbread, C. (n.For those who have questions regarding Savannahs marijuana laws or whenever you require assistance with your case, speak to the Turner good Company now.druglibrary. org/schaffer/Library/studies/vlr/vlr3. htm Castleman, Michael. Marijuanas Effects on Sex Vary with Individuals.Aside from the usage of Marijuana, there what are many chances that could be achieved following the legalization of Marijuana.

Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Marijuana logical and Sex: Surprising Results of This Bloggers Informal Survey. † Psychology Today (1 May 2011).Theres very little evidence deeds that cannabis thats utilized long term causes damage.Ellgren, Maria. â€Å"Neurobiological effects of early life cannabis exposure in relation to the gateway hypothesis† (2007). Retrieved from http://publications. ki.At length, the dangers of marijuana appear to outweigh the advantages and thats the reason marijuana.

gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108643. htm Hays, J. (2009).Marijuana, Legal Highs and Illegal drugs in Japan.† Medical Marijuana. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011.Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 22 Mar. 2013.Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http://www. reuters. com/article/2011/09/08/usa-drugs-idUSN1E7870N520110908 Olson, D. (1998).