Back Roads by Tawny ODell Essay Example

Back Roads by Tawny ODell Paper Back Roads, by Tawny O’Dell is a well-written and suspenseful novel with a gut-wrenching twist. The story draws the reader in from the beginning and leaves you with a deep feeling of depression and desolation. The dark storyline engages the reader in a first-person account of lies, tragedies, betrayal, and murder. Our narrator is Harley Altmyer, an orphaned teenage boy who is forced to fulfill the role of an adult after his mother was arrested for the murder of his abusive father. He takes over the overwhelming role of a parental guardian for his 3 younger sisters in the backwoods country of Pennsylvania, which is where the story takes places and the plot fully develops. The authors use of language carries out the sinister vibe of the small mining town in Pennsylvania where the story takes place. Living in a small town in the middle of nowhere, deep in the back roads creates an essence of encapsulation and restriction of freedom. It seems like the type of place where you would find such a distraught and dysfunctional family and abuse may be common. With this setting, you can see how the story relates to where there is no place to run or escape, just as Harley’s mother and sister had already tried. They are stuck and as the plot continues we see the dark secrets of the family are later revealed to Harley as he begins to unravel the horrified truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Back Roads by Tawny ODell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Back Roads by Tawny ODell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Back Roads by Tawny ODell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After the murder of his father and his mother is sentenced to jail, Harley is responsible for taking care of his 3 younger sisters. Still being a teenager, he is forced into adulthood and we can see his progression from a child to man throughout the duration of the novel. While working two jobs and taking care of his siblings, he balances visits to his mother and attends meetings with his therapist. These meetings are important due to the information the reader can gather which unveils horrifying truths about the family. In the meantime, the narrator becomes sexually active with the

Liability of Frank for criminal damage pursuant Essay Example

Liability of Frank for criminal damage pursuant Essay Example Liability of Frank for criminal damage pursuant Essay Liability of Frank for criminal damage pursuant Essay Liability of Frank for condemnable harm and aggravated condemnable harm ( a ) The s1 ( 1 ) and s1 ( 3 ) offenses: To be guilty of simple condemnable harm under s1 ( 1 ) Criminal Damage Act 1971 ( CDA 1971 ) it must be established beyond sensible uncertainty that Frank: Intentionally or recklessly (work forces rea) †¦ destroyed or damaged belongings belonging to another without lawful alibi (actus reus) . The extra demand under s1 ( 3 ) of the Act is that the devastation / harm of the belongings in inquiry must hold been caused by fire ( i.e. simple incendiarism ) . Theactus reusandwork forces reamust be considered in bend. Actus Reus Destroy / harm belongings belonging to another without lawful alibi: In order for belongings to fall under the definition of destroyed’ or damaged’ for the intents of CDA 1971 some physical injury or impairment must happen, even if nil is really broken or deformed. In this scenario it is clear that the fire destroyed the notes belonging to Frank’s coach. The books on the tutor’s desk besides caught fire and were damaged / destroyed. It is clear that theactus reusdemands have been met. However, in order for Frank to be guilty of the s1 ( 1 ) and 1 ( 3 ) offenseswork forces reawould besides necessitate to be established. Work forces Rea Purpose or foolhardiness as to the belongings harm: Frank clearly intended to destruct the notes belonging to his coach since he intentionally pulled out a coffin nail igniter and put them alight. Therefore it can be concluded that Frank will be guilty of both the s1 ( 1 ) offense of simple condemnable harm and the s1 ( 3 ) offense of simple incendiarism unless he can set up a defense mechanism. ( I )Poisoning Given that Frank had taken a smattering of Valium prior to the meeting with his coach, can he trust on poisoning to contradict hiswork forces rea? To reply this inquiry it is necessary to find whether Frank’s poisoning was voluntary’ or involuntary.’ Given the fact that Frank took a handful of Valium, as opposed to the prescribed dosage, it is likely that his poisoning will be deemed voluntary. If this is the instance Frank can non claim that poisoning negated hiswork forces reasince poisoning can non be relied upon in this manner for offenses of non-specifcwork forces rea( which includes condemnable harm ) [ 1 ] . Frank’s poisoning may be treated as nonvoluntary if his pickings of the Valium, a usually non-dangerous drug, caused him to hallucinate, provided he was non foolhardy in taking the Valium. [ 2 ] Therefore Frank might reason that his depression caused him to take the extra Valium without gaining that his behavior may go unpredictable or unsafe. If he succeeds in this statement his pickings of the Valium will non be deemed foolhardy and he will be able to claim successfully that anywork forces reawas negated. If, on the other manus, his pickings of extra Valium is deemed foolhardy so Frank can non claim his poisoning was nonvoluntary. ( two )Lawful Excuse( s5 CDA 1971 ) Lawful alibi is merely available as a possible defense mechanism to simple condemnable harm and simple incendiarism, i.e. non the corresponding aggravated offenses. A suspect can trust on the s5 ( a ) defense mechanism if he believed at the clip of the offense that the individual to whom the damaged belongings belonged had consented to the harm or would hold consented to the harm had he known of the fortunes. Any such belief must hold been candidly held even if the belief was non a sensible 1. In the instance of an drunk suspect such as Frank the suspect can trust on the lawful alibi defense mechanism where, as a consequence of being intoxicated, he erroneously believed that the proprietor had ( or would hold ) consented to the harm. [ 3 ] If Frank raises the defense mechanism of lawful alibi it is up to the prosecution to turn out beyond sensible uncertainty the absence of lawful alibi. At the clip the harm was done Frank was in a secure environment and was holding a one-to-one meeting with his coach. There is nil to propose that the fortunes would hold led Frank to believe that his coach was accepting to the harm. Consequently, it is likely that the prosecution would be able to dispatch the load rather easy. Frank could potentially reason the s5 ( 2 ) ( B ) lawful alibi defense mechanism every bit good. Under s5 ( 2 ) a suspect is non guilty of condemnable harm he destroyed/damaged belongings in the honest ( non needfully sensible ) belief that it was in immediate demand of protection. Again, given the environment Frank was in at the clip it is likely that the prosecution could dispatch this load rather easy. Based on the analysis, it appears that Frank is guilty of simple condemnable harm and simple incendiarism capable to successfully set uping the defense mechanism of poisoning. ( B )The s1 ( 2 ) and s ( 3 ) offenses: To be guilty of aggravated condemnable harm under CDA 1971 it must be established beyond sensible uncertainty that Frank: Intentionally or recklessly (work forces rea) †¦ destroyed or damaged belongings belonging to another without lawful alibi (actus reus) and†¦ deliberately or recklessly endangered life by the harm (work forces rea) The extra demand under s1 ( 3 ) of the Act is that the devastation / harm of the belongings in inquiry must hold been caused by fire and that life must hold been endangered by the belongings harm that was caused by fire ( i.e. aggravated incendiarism ) . Again, theactus reusandwork forces reamust be considered in bend. Actus Reus Theactus reusof aggravated condemnable harm / aggravated incendiarism is the same as that of simple condemnable harm / simple incendiarism, as discussed above. It has already been established that Frank’s actions constituted theactus reusof simple incendiarism. Therefore, his actions besides constitute theactus reusof aggravated incendiarism. Work forces Rea Unlike simple condemnable harm / simple incendiarism, thework forces reaof the aggravated offenses is made up of two separate elements. In order for Frank to be found guilty of aggravated condemnable harm the prosecution must turn out that he: deliberately or recklessly damaged his tutor’s notes ; and intended to or was foolhardy as to life being endangered by the belongings harm. As with simple condemnable harm, the first component of thework forces reaseems to be satisfied. After all, Frank pulled out a coffin nail igniter and put fire to his tutor’s notes. As for the 2nd component of thework forces reait is deserving indicating out that at that place does non necessitate to be an existent hazard to life. It is sufficient that an ordinary, prudent bystander believes that life is endangered by the belongings harm. [ 4 ] Besides, any alleged danger to life must come from the devastation or damage itself, instead than from the method used to do the devastation or harm. [ 5 ] So, in the instance of aggravated condemnable harm there was evidently no danger to life caused by the harm to the tutor’s notes. In other words, the lone manner Frank could be guilty of aggravated condemnable harm was if he intended to jeopardize life by destructing his tutor’s notes. Therefore, Frank is non guilty of aggravated condemnable harm. Is Frank guilty of aggravated incendiarism? It might be possible to reason that Frank is guilty of aggravated incendiarism by claiming that the harm to his tutor’s notes caused harm to the books and other stuffs on the tutor’s desk ( since if the notes were non damaged by the initial fire so the books and any other belongings would non hold been damaged either ) through a concatenation reaction. This concatenation reaction of harm endangered life by doing the fire to distribute. Although Frank may non hold intended to jeopardize life the fact that he chose to put fire to the notes, and the fact that fires can distribute easy in paper-clad offices, may intend that he is deemed foolhardy as to life being endangered. In instance it can be established that Frank’s behaviour met the demands of aggravated incendiarism, it is once more necessary to see any possible defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms ( I )Poisoning Frank may utilize the same statement outlined above to claim that his poisoning was nonvoluntary and it negated anywork forces reafor aggravated incendiarism. ( two )Lawful alibi The lawful alibi defense mechanism is merely available for simple condemnable harm and simple incendiarism, non for the aggravated offenses. Decision On the whole, it appears that Frank is guilty of simple condemnable harm and simple incendiarism. He is non guilty of aggravated condemnable harm and his liability for aggravated incendiarism is arguable. Bibliography Criminal Damage Act 1971 Majewski[ 1976 ] 2 All ER 142 Hardie[ 1985 ] 1 WLR 64 Jaggard V Dickinson[ 1980 ] 3 All ER 716 Sangha[ 1988 ] 2 All ER 385 Tip[ 1987 ] 2 All ER 833 Allen, M.J. –Textbook on Criminal Law( 6ThursdayEdition ) , Oxford University Press ( 2001 ) , pp.489-503 1

Organisational culture, management and control Essay

Organisational culture, management and control - Essay Example utine. To illustrate the different shades of culture, a sociologist uses the parameter of international viewpoints (Fineman p.18); in a survey conducted on car mechanics from different countries, the responses generated reflect peculiar cultural attributes. To the resp- ondent from the UK, when asked to define his job, he simply puts it as "fitting the hub caps". The respondent from the US had a broader picture in mind, although his opinion may be said to stem from a stereotypical cynicism that characterises material-conscious Americans, "I make profits for Henry Ford." Finally, when the question was asked to a Japanese, his response smacked of intense loyalty and devotion people in Japan have towards their organisation, "I am member of a team that makes the best cars in the world." Is there any doubt why Japanese car companies continue to dominate the world market Indeed, as Alvesson points out (p.2), an organisation's culture is principal means to achieve effectiveness, growth and success in business. If culture plays such a major initiative in defining success or failure, the stakes only get higher when an organisation has to manage transformations and great upheavals, that when come with mergers and acquisitions, employee induction or retrenchment, dive- rsification or consolidation. It is on occasions like these that the true mettle of a mana- ger is tested. Rather than sitting on the fence and lamenting that "cultures can't be cha- nged", an intelligent manager looks for solutions, ways and methods to help the organis- ation tide over circumstances, and retain its control. Harrison (p.2) unfailingly mentions that transformations are both "desirable and feasible, but accomplishing it would be risky and difficult." It is an inevitable challenge that competent managers have to always brace themselves for. And, there are established tools and strategies that apply to change mana- gement. To corroborate the diagnostic methodology he presented in his book, Harrison offers a simplistic assessment on going about cultural transformations (p.1). His three cri- tical facets of diagnosis start with a detailed process to prepare a diagnostic study follo- wed by usage of suitable methods to frame issues, and closing in by devising innovative methods for collecting, analysing and summarising of relevant data. In the case study mentioned therein, we witness a real-life example of the problem faced by the Head of training in a national health maintenance organisation (HMO). An ambitious programme was envisaged to undertake a major organisational transform for overall benefits. Now, this

Business law and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business law and ethics - Essay Example Business law is a very important aspect as far as the interests of the customers are concerned. It has contract law regulations for protecting the ethical issues of the parties involved in any business transaction (John D. Ashcroft and Janet Ashcroft, 2007 and Richard. A. Mann and Barry S. Roberts, 2005). If the contract law is violated by any one of the parties, they would be liable to be punished under court of law (E.Allan Fransworth, 2004, Richard Craswell and Alan Schwartz, 1994 and Steven J. Burton and Melvin Aron Eisenberg, 2005). In the present case, Bert has given a word to Williams that he will not sell the car below $ 10,500 which he strictly followed. However, the problem lies in deadline given for the selling i.e. Saturday which he could not follow. Williams was told the car would not be sold before Saturday but the car was sold on Thursday. Williams has even communicated to Bert regarding his acceptance which however could not be red by Bert due to inadvertent incident. Hence it will not be proper to state that Bert would be made guilty for the incident. Moreover, legal matters would not put Bert in to trouble if the matter is dealt in the following manner. First of all, Bert has not committed any thing written to neither Williams nor Tom. Hence as far as the legal stand is concerned he has to be considered under safe zone. It doesn’t mean that oral conversation would not be taken seriously, it only indicates that relatively he has not assured any thing with higher intensity. In case of Ball V Bridges (1874), the judgment has gone in favor of seller as no offer and acceptance were made in writing and hence it would not come under breach of contract or business law. Hence the case of Bert under present study comes under this and he should not be made guilty as far as sale of his car is concerned. Bert should always maintain that he has not violated any terms of agreement what ever have been

Correction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Correction - Essay Example As a function of this interpretation, many carry-overs of this school of thought continue to be pervasively manifest in the United States criminal justice system; as well as many others around the globe. Prior to the development of the classical interpretation of criminology, rehabilitation was not even a term or idea that entered into the mind of most systems; rather, retribution was the main goal by which the system functioned. Seeking to expand some on the rather constrained classical interpretation of criminology which has been defined above, the positivist school sought to analyze and understand the way that internal and external factors, outside the control of the individual criminal contributed to the actions that they perpetrated. Prior to this interpretation, criminals and criminology had functioned under the presupposition that any and all crime was merely the result of poor rational choice and not the result of factors that were ultimately beyond the control of the criminal himself/herself. Finally, the neoclassical approach seeks to incorporate several of the aspects of the classical approach as well as more pertinent and recent theoretical approaches and responses to crime and criminology. Rather than seeking to approach crime and its punishment from the one dimensional classical approach, the neo classical approach seeks to factor in such aspects as social contract theory, drift theory, and rational choice theory (Vito et al, 2007). This neo classical approach is still widely utilized today in criminology and retains a high level of respect among subject matter

Animal Intelligence and Evolution of the Human Mind

Animal Intelligence and Evolution of the Human Mind The human brain lacks conspicuous characteristics-such as relative or absolute size-that might account for humans superior intellect. Researchers have found some clues to humanitys aptitude on a smaller scale, such as more neurons in our brains outermost layer. Human intelligence may be best likened to an upgrade of the cognitive capacities of nonhuman primates rather than an exceptionally advanced form of cognition. Subtle refinements in brain architecture, rather than large-scale alterations, make us smarter than other animals. As far as we know, no dog can compose music, no dolphin can speak in rhymes, and no parrot can solve equations with two unknowns. Only humans can perform such intellectual feats, presumably because we are smarter than all other animal species-at least by our own definition of intelligence. Of course, intelligence must emerge from the workings of the three-pound mass of wetware packed inside our skulls. Thus, researchers have tried to identify unique features of the human brain that could account for our superior intellectual abilities. But, anatomically, the human brain is very similar to that of other primates because humans and chimpanzees share an ancestor that walked the earth less than seven million years ago. Accordingly, the human brain contains no highly conspicuous characteristics that might account for the species cleverness. For instance, scientists have failed to find a correlation between absolute or relative brain size and acumen among humans and other animal species. Neither have they been able to discern a parallel between wits and the size or existence of specific regions of the brain, excepting perhaps Brocas area, which governs speech in people. The lack of an obvious structural correlate to human intellect jibes with the idea that our intelligence may not be wholly unique: studies are revealing that chimps, among various other species, possess a diversity of humanlike social and cognitive skills. Nevertheless, researchers have found some microscopic clues to humanitys aptitude. We have more neurons in our brains cerebral cortex (its outermost layer) than other mammals do. The insulation around nerves in the human brain is also thicker than that of other species, enabling the nerves to conduct signals more rapidly. Such biological subtleties, along with behavioral ones, suggest that human intelligence is best likened to an upgrade of the cognitive capacities of nonhuman primates rather than an exceptionally advanced form of cognition. Smart Species Because animals cannot read or speak, their aptitude is difficult to discern, much less measure. Thus, comparative psychologists have invented behavior-based tests to assess birds and mammals abilities to learn and remember, to comprehend numbers and to solve practical problems. Animals of various stripes-but especially nonhuman primates-often earn high marks on such action-oriented IQ tests. During World War I, German psychologist Wolfgang Kà ¶hler, for example, showed that chimpanzees, when confronted with fruit hanging from a high ceiling, devised an ingenious way to get it: they stacked boxes to stand on to reach the fruit. They also constructed long sticks to reach food outside their enclosure. Researchers now know that great apes have a sophisticated understanding of tool use and construction. Psychologists have used such behavioral tests to illuminate similar cognitive feats in other mammals as well as in birds. Pigeons can discriminate between male and female faces and among paintings by different artists; they can also group pictures into categories such as trees, selecting those belonging to a category by pecking with their beaks, an action that often brings a food reward. Crows have intellectual capacities that are overturning conventional wisdom about the brain. Behavioral ecologists, on the other hand, prefer to judge animals on their street smarts-that is, their ability to solve problems relevant to survival in their natural habitats-rather than on their test-taking talents. In this view, intelligence is a cluster of capabilities that evolved in response to particular environments. Some scientists have further proposed that mental or behavioral flexibility, the ability to come up with novel solutions to problems, is another good measure of animal intellect. Among birds, green herons occasionally throw an object in the water to lure curious fish-a trick that, ornithologists have observed, has been reinvented by groups of these animals living in distant locales. Even fish display remarkable practical intelligence, such as the use of tools, in the wild. Cichlid fish, for instance, use leaves as baby carriages for their egg masses. Animals also can display humanlike social intelligence. Monkeys engage in deception, for example; dolphins have been known to care for another injured pod member (displaying empathy), and a whale or porpoise may recognize itself in the mirror. Even some fish exhibit subtle kinds of social skills. Behavioral ecologist Redouan Bshary of the University of Neuchà ¢tel in Switzerland and his colleagues described one such case in a 2006 paper. Bony fish such as the so-called cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus) cooperate and remove parasites from the skin of other fish or feed on their mucus. Bsharys team found that bystander fish spent more time next to cleaners the bystanders had observed being cooperative than to other fish. Humans, the authors note, tend to notice altruistic behavior and are more willing to help do-gooders whom they have observed doing favors for others. Similarly, cleaner wrasses observe and evaluate the behavior of other finned ocean denizens and are more willing t o help fish that they have seen assisting third parties. From such studies, scientists have constructed evolutionary hierarchies of intelligence. Primates and cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are considered the smartest mammals. Among primates, humans and apes are considered cleverer than monkeys, and monkeys more so than prosimians. Of the apes, chimpanzees and bonobos rank above gibbons, orangutans and gorillas. Dolphins and sperm whales are supposedly smarter than nonpredatory baleen whales such as blue whales. Among birds, scientists consider parrots, owls and corvids (crows and ravens) the brightest. Such a pecking order argues against the idea that intelligence evolved along a single path, culminating in human acumen. Instead intellect seems to have emerged independently in birds and mammals and also in cetaceans and primates. Heavy Thoughts? What about the brain might underlie these parallel paths to astuteness? One candidate is absolute brain size. Although many studies have linked brain mass with variations in human intelligence [see High- ­Aptitude Minds, by Christian Hoppe and Jelena Stojanovic], size does not always correlate with smarts in different species. For example, clever small animals such as parrots, ravens, rats and relatively diminutive apes have brains of modest proportions, whereas some large animals such as horses and cows with large brains are comparatively dim-witted. Brain bulk cannot account for human intelligence either: At eight to nine kilograms, sperm and killer whale brains far outweigh the 1.4 kilograms of neural tissue inside our heads. As heavy as five kilograms, elephant brains are also much chunkier than ours. Relative brain size-the ratio of brain to body mass-does not provide a satisfying explanation for interspecies differences in smarts either. Humans do compare favorably with many medium and large species: our brain makes up approximately 2 percent of our body weight, whereas the blue whales brain, for instance, is less than one 100th of a percent of its weight. But some tiny, not terribly bright animals such as shrews and squirrels win out in this measure. In general, small animals boast relatively large brains, and large animals harbor relatively small ones. Although absolute brain mass increases with body weight, brain mass as a proportion of body mass tends to decrease with rising body weight. Another cerebral yardstick that scientists have tried to tie to intelligence is the degree of encephalization, measured by the encephalization quotient (EQ). The EQ expresses the extent to which a species relative brain weight deviates from the average in its animal class, say, mammal, bird or amphibian. Here the human brain tops the list: it is seven to eight times larger than would be expected for a mammal of its weight. But EQ does not parallel intellect perfectly either: gibbons and some capuchin monkeys have higher EQs than the more intelligent chimpanzees do, and even a few pro ­sim ­ians-the earliest evolved primates alive today-have higher EQs than gorillas do. Or perhaps the size of the brains outermost layer, the cerebral cortex-the seat of many of our cognitive capacities-is the key. But it turns out that the dimensions of the cerebral cortex depend on those of the entire brain and that the size of the cortex constitutes no better arbiter of a superior mind. The same is true for the prefrontal cortex, the hub of reason and action planning. Although some brain researchers have claimed in the past that the human prefrontal cortex is exceptionally large, recent studies have shown that it is not. The size of this structure in hu ­mans is comparable to its size in other  ­primates and may even be relatively small as compared with its counterpart in elephants and cetaceans. The lack of a large-scale measure of the human brain that could explain our performance may reflect the idea that human intellect may not be totally inimitable. Apes, after all, understand cause and effect, make and use tools, produce and comprehend language, and lie to and imitate others. These primates may even possess a theory of mind-the ability to understand another animals mental state and use it to guide their own behavior. Whales, dolphins and even some birds boast some of these mental talents as well. Thus, adult humans may simply be more intuitive and facile with tools and language than other species are, as opposed to possessing unique cognitive skills. Networking Fittingly, researchers have found the best correlates for intelligence by looking at a much smaller scale. Brains consist of nerve cells, or neurons, and supporting cells called glia. The more neurons, the more extensive and more productive the neuronal networks can be-and those networks determine varied brain functions, including perception, memory, planning and thinking. Large brains do not automatically have more neurons; in fact, neuronal density generally decreases with increasing brain size because of the additional glial cells and blood vessels needed to support a big brain. Humans have 11.5 billion cortical neurons-more than any other mammal, because of the human brains high neuronal density. Humans have only about half a billion more cortical neurons than whales and elephants do, however-not enough to account for the significant cognitive differences between humans and these species. In addition, however, a brains information-processing capacity depends on how fast its nerves conduct electrical impulses. The most rapidly conducting nerves are swathed in sheaths of insulation called myelin. The thicker a nerves myelin sheath, the faster the neural impulses travel along that nerve. The myelinated nerves in the brains of whales and elephants are demonstrably thinner than they are in primates, suggesting that information travels faster in the human brain than it does in the brains of nonprimates. What is more, neuronal messages must travel longer distances in the relatively large brains of elephants and whales than they do in the more compact human brain. The resulting boost in information-processing speed may at least partly explain the disparity in aptitude between humans and other big-brained creatures. Among humans cerebral advantages, language may be the most obvious. Various animals can convey complex messages to other members of their species; they can communicate about objects that are not in sight and relay information about individuals and events. Chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins and parrots can even understand and use human speech, gestures or symbols in constructions of up to about three words. But even after years of training, none of these creatures develops verbal skills more advanced than those of a three-year-old child. In humans, grammar and vocabulary all but explode at age three. This timing corresponds with the development of Brocas speech area in the left frontal lobe, which may be unique to humans. That is, scientists are unsure whether a direct precursor to this speech region exists in the nonhuman primate brain. The absence of an intricately wired language region in the brains of other species may explain why, of all animals, humans alone have a language that contains complex grammar. Researchers date the development of human grammar and syntax to between 80,000 and 100,000 years ago, which makes it a relatively recent evolutionary advance. It was also one that probably greatly enhanced human intellect.

Allen Ginsbergs Howl :: essays papers

The "Beat Movement" in modern literature has become an important period in the history of literature and society in America. Incorporating influences such as jazz, art, literature, philosophy, and religion, the Beat writers created a new and prophetic vision of modern life and changed the way an entire generation of people see the world. That generation is now aging and its representative voices are becoming lost to eternity, but the message is alive and well. The Beats have forever altered the nature of American consciousness. The impact of the Beats would certainly not have been as universal or influential if not for the writing of one poem; "Howl" by Allen Ginsberg: I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix, angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night.(1-3) These lines, perhaps the most well known in 20th century poetry, serve as a thematic statement for a poem that offers a new way of thinking, a sense of hope of escape from the "Molochs" of society. The story of the poem's history serves well as an account of the birth of the Beat Generation. Ginsberg's life leading up to the writing of "Howl," the actual creation of the poem, its legendary first reading, and the aftermath of its public debut all figure prominently into the history of the literary movement. One can understand the impact of the poem on the Beat Generation by studying not only the chronology of its past, but its intricate and unique structure as well as its themes and ultimate message. Following is an examination of the poem as the great expression of Beat defiance, beginning with a short history of the poem. Ginsberg's Beat career began at Columbia University in 1943 where he met Jack Kerouac, William S. Burroughs, Neal Cassidy and others. This group of writers would remain life-long friends of Ginsberg and influence him in myriad ways. The history of "Howl," however, begins in 1953 after Ginsberg's move to San Francisco in search of poetic inspiration. Having moved away from the camaraderie of his group of New York friends, Ginsberg began to feel dislocated and depressed. Ginsberg knew he was at a crossroads in his art between his apprenticeship to academic models of literature (mentor William Carlos Williams specifically), and breaking through to a personal voice which could sing of experience beyond the bounds of what was permissible - by 50's Allen Ginsberg's Howl :: essays papers The "Beat Movement" in modern literature has become an important period in the history of literature and society in America. Incorporating influences such as jazz, art, literature, philosophy, and religion, the Beat writers created a new and prophetic vision of modern life and changed the way an entire generation of people see the world. That generation is now aging and its representative voices are becoming lost to eternity, but the message is alive and well. The Beats have forever altered the nature of American consciousness. The impact of the Beats would certainly not have been as universal or influential if not for the writing of one poem; "Howl" by Allen Ginsberg: I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix, angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night.(1-3) These lines, perhaps the most well known in 20th century poetry, serve as a thematic statement for a poem that offers a new way of thinking, a sense of hope of escape from the "Molochs" of society. The story of the poem's history serves well as an account of the birth of the Beat Generation. Ginsberg's life leading up to the writing of "Howl," the actual creation of the poem, its legendary first reading, and the aftermath of its public debut all figure prominently into the history of the literary movement. One can understand the impact of the poem on the Beat Generation by studying not only the chronology of its past, but its intricate and unique structure as well as its themes and ultimate message. Following is an examination of the poem as the great expression of Beat defiance, beginning with a short history of the poem. Ginsberg's Beat career began at Columbia University in 1943 where he met Jack Kerouac, William S. Burroughs, Neal Cassidy and others. This group of writers would remain life-long friends of Ginsberg and influence him in myriad ways. The history of "Howl," however, begins in 1953 after Ginsberg's move to San Francisco in search of poetic inspiration. Having moved away from the camaraderie of his group of New York friends, Ginsberg began to feel dislocated and depressed. Ginsberg knew he was at a crossroads in his art between his apprenticeship to academic models of literature (mentor William Carlos Williams specifically), and breaking through to a personal voice which could sing of experience beyond the bounds of what was permissible - by 50's

Blauner Hypothesis Essay

Disucussion on the Noel and Blauner Hypotheses When two distinct groups first come into contact with each other, the conditions of that meeting can determine the fate and mold the relations of the two groups for generations. This is called the â€Å"Contact Situation.† Donald Noel and Robert Blauner have analyzed this initial contact and developed hypotheses that aid in the understanding of this phase of the inter-group relations. Donald Noel and Robert Blauner The Noel hypothesis recognizes that there are three segments to the contact situation, that when working together, lead to some sort of inequality between the groups. The hypothesis states: If two or more groups come together in a contact situation characterized by ethnocentrism, competition and a difference in power, then some form of racial or ethnic stratification will result (Noel, 1968, p. 163). In other words, if the contact situation contains all three of the situations, ethnocentrism, competition, and a difference in power, then some sort of dominant-minority social structure will be created. Ethnocentrism is defined as the tendency to judge other groups, societies or lifestyles by the standard of one’s own culture (Healy, 1999, p. 175). At some level, ethnocentrism is a necessary part of human culture. Without it, people would tend to not obey laws, social norms or work with others in every day life. Ethnocentrism can also create a negative effect. At the extreme end of it, it can create the view that other cultures are not only different, but are also inferior. When ethnocentrism exists at any level, most people follow group lines and tend to differentiate between â€Å"us† and â€Å"them† (Healy, 1999, p. 175) Competition is a struggle over a scarce commodity (Healy, 1999, p 175), and usually leads to prejudice and discrimination. In contact situations, the dominant group is the one that come out on top of the competition. Competition can be over anything that is desired by either group, or what one group has that other wants. The dominant group serves its own interests by ending the competition and exploiting, controlling, eliminating or dominating the minority group (Healy, 1999 p.176). Differential in power is the third component in a contact situation. There are three things that can determine the differential of power: the size of the group, the organizational skills, and group leadership skills, and the controlling of resources. A larger, better organized group with more resources will generally be able to impose its will on the minority group (Healy,1999, p.176). The Blauner hypothesis, analyzed in his book Racial Oppression in America (1972), identifies two other types of contact situations, colonization and immigration. Blauner’s hypothesis states â€Å"minority groups created by colonization will experience more intense prejudice, racism, and discrimination than those created by immigration. Furthermore, the disadvantaged status of colonized groups will persist longer and be more difficult to overcome than the disadvantaged status faced by groups created by immigration† (Blauner, 1972). Colonized minority groups such as African Americans are usually forced into minority status. The status is forced upon them by the military and political powers wielded by the majority group. One example is the slave status. Colonized minorities have virtually no chance for assimilation and are typically identified by highly visible physical characteristics. Most immigrant minority groups have some semblance of control over where they are immigrating to. For this reason, they usually keep enough of their culture and resources to help them achieve that which they strive for. While immigrants will face problems trying to assimilate, they usually have a better chance than those that have been colonized. Works Cited â€Å"Bob Blauner.† Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Blauner. Licinio, J., and Ma-Li Wong. Biology of Depression: from Novel Insights to Therapeutic Strategies. Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 2005.

Discussion Example

Discussion Example Discussion – Coursework Example Conflict in Smith’s Family Economic stress in Smith family could lead to an area of family conflict. The conflict wouldmanifest itself in arguments between Smith and his wife, Ray. The couple could argue on the way to pay rent, health insurance, and quality education for the three kids. Smith may look down on his kids as the source of his financial troubles. Benokraitis argues that unemployed workers tend to blame their problems on the expensive education system and increased tax burdens (p.372). The three children may blame their parents for lack of accessories that other kids have in school and the neighborhood. The family would have dealt with increasing costs of living if Smith’s wife has an extra income. The family could suffer from profound stress and clinical problems (Skolnick 359). Coping with StressSmith’s family can cope with stress due to the tough economic situation by asking for professional support. Professional support would direct them to counsel ing services and financial planners that can help the family take over the financial situation. The strategy would not only help Smith family roll out ways of generating income but also reduce the unnecessary expenses that can boost their budget. Affordable Care Act can also offer a remedy for health insurance dilemma. The health of the family is essential and could be accessed through affordable insurance cover in the Act. The act would enable Smith cut on tax burdens, increase education chances for his children, and enjoy regulated health spending. Smith would be a shield from expensive insurance policies covering the family at in the current situation. Work CitedBenokraitis, Nijole V. Marriages & Families. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2011. Print.Skolnick, Arlene S, and Jerome H Skolnick. Family In Transition. 17th ed. 2013. Print. Discussion Example Discussion – Coursework Example How a Firm Should Address Ethical Issues As They Relate to Managerial Accounting Ethics is a critical part of accounting more so managerial accounting. Various institutions form code of conducts to set ethical behavior that they expect for accountants working in their groups. The objective of managerial accounting is to provide financial information about what happened in the past of the company. Managerial accounting supplies the correct operational information and has its focus on the future of any organization. The facts mentioned above gives managerial accountants an important role in maintaining and upholding a business’ ethical culture. An overview of the work of managerial accounting indicates how much of a connection its tasks and responsibilities are with any business ethics and business ethical standards. Monitoring functions for managerial accounting include defining standards against which efficiency, performance, and accountability can be measured. Decision makers in companies require objective and full data when they review business operations and make critical decisions for the enterprise (Maher, Stickney positive, or negative.The field of managerial accounting has a role and takes its role in upholding and maintaining business ethical issues seriously. The global governing body of accountants, International Federation of Accountants, has a code of ethics and code of conduct that applies to managerial accountants throughout the world. The governing body’s code outlines ethical issues and responsibilities of accountants relating to areas such as taxes. It also includes ethical questions that have guidelines that relate to integrity and objectivity, competence, confidentiality and resolution of ethical conflicts (Maher, Stickney & Weil, 2011). IFAC moral code of conduct and standards are mandatory requirements for any managerial accounting.ReferencesMaher, M.W., Stickney, C.P. and Weil, R.L. (2011). Managerial Accounting: An Introduc tion to Concepts, Methods, and Uses. Michigan: Cengage Learning Publishers. Discussion Example Discussion – Coursework Example Insert The Problem of Social Inequality I feel that social inequality in the United s is a serious problem which sees national resources being disbursed unfairly and largely based on doctrines of allocation requiring specific criteria based along some social factors that influential people consider as effective. The economic inequality in the country is dictated by the capitalism aspect of unequal apportionment of earnings and or wealth, which has since created a few billionaires as vast populations scramble for the limited remainder of the wealth. Many American citizens are feeling the pinch of uneven sharing of social and natural wealth because the tradition has created various social classes, with those who are most privileged occupying the higher end of the society while the less privileged occupy the lower class segments of the social and economic order. The working class fall in between – the middle class. Specifically, the problem of social inequality is influencing dis parity in the citizens’ enjoyment of the rights and freedoms, political power and other services offered by government including education, security, justice, health care, shelter, financial services, and infrastructure development. With social inequality, members of the lower social classes will continue to be disadvantaged in terms of enjoying these public services. The solution to social inequality lies in the fair distribution of the public resources without any influence from capitalist norms. This can be achieved by formulating universal social policies which cut bring lower social classes symbolically at par with members of the higher end. By enforcing stronger social welfare policies and laws such as the Affordable Care Act, the lower social classes will feel more empowered and earning their ‘rightful’ share of the national resources. Discussion Example Discussion – Coursework Example Juvenile Court System versus Adult Court System Juvenile Court System differs from Adult or Criminal Justice System mostly in terms of psychological aspects. The former believes in the potential of â€Å"rehabilitation†. A juvenile undergoes a â€Å"hearing†, which is normally done in private, instead of a trial and is charged as â€Å"delinquent† instead of guilty. The latter imposes punishment for an offense. Judicial processes are open to public in the adult court system. Also, an adult offender may apply for bond or bail. Parole is based on surveillance and activities for juvenile, while for an adult, it is based on surveillance and behaviour (WGBH Educational Foundation , 1995-2012). The Juvenile Court System implements â€Å"statutory exclusion† wherein a youth can be placed under the criminal court, depending on his previous court history, issues related to age, and offense committed. This is necessary for the deterrence of juvenile violent crime wh ere rehabilitation is no longer sufficient. The setbacks of this â€Å"statutory exclusion†, based on studies, are tendencies for relapse, and certain cases of physical and sexual assaults (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinqunecy Prevention). Revocation of probation for juvenile is permitted. As per Section 771.7 of the Michigan Compiled Laws. 771.7 Revoking probation of juvenile for conviction of felony or misdemeanor; commitment of juvenile to department of corrections; violation of probation; order. (http://law.onecle.com, 2010) The use of computers, or information technology in general, may increase crime clearance rates and improve the quality of police work, but it does not alone reduce crime rate. Information technology and an effective organization of the police department should go hand in hand in order to achieve a more successful and powerful crime-fighting. (Garicano & Heaton)References:Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. (2011, April 22). O JJDP- Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved January 4, 2012, from ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/structure_process/qa04101.asp?qaDate=2009Garicano, L., & Heaton, P. CentrePiece Winter 2007/08. Retrieved January 4, 2012, from http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/cp247.pdfhttp://law.onecle.com. (2010, March 26). Retrieved January 4, 2012, from http://law.onecle.com/michigan/760-777-code-of-criminal-procedure/mcl-771-7.htmlOffice of Juvenile Justice and Delinqunecy Prevention. (n.d.). Juvenile Justice Reform Initiatives in the States 1994-1996. Retrieved January 4, 2012, from ojjdp.gov/pubs/reform/ch2_j.htmlWGBH Educational Foundation . (1995-2012). Juvenile Justice. Retrieved January 4, 2012, from pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/stats/juvvsadult.html Discussion Example Discussion – Article Example Running Head: DISCUSSION ID Lecturer Discuss what attitudes, beliefs, and values are and the influence they have on us as speakers and listeners. How do you feel your personal attitude, beliefs, and values shape who you are and will influence your perspective?The attitudes, beliefs and values are the most inherent forms of comprehension that can be found within people. These come about with experience, judgment, interaction and societal linkages – that develop over a period of time. As speakers and listeners, the attitudes, beliefs and values have a major and drastic consequence since these define how significant basic pointers are when discussing the same within a number of individuals, belonging to different groups and diverse communities. These considerations need to be paid essence because people hail from backgrounds of which the speakers have little clue about. Hence it is always a good starting point to know the audience up front in order to be seen as a good speaker. A s far as my personal attitudes, beliefs and values are concerned, I make sure that I remain much personalized to the people and act in a way that they feel as if I am one of them. This essentially facilitates me at gathering an understanding of how people would like to see the subject that is being talked about. In addition, it provides me the luxury to comprehend the nuances related with public speaking and listening. These are significant facets that need to be adhered to at all costs, and I am one of those individuals who goes out of his way to guarantee that the audience is given the number one priority. It influences my perspective regarding who I am and what I offer to this world through my different actions, undertakings and understandings in essence. Discussion Example Discussion – Coursework Example Decision-Making Bias Decision-Making Bias Decision-making bias is as a result of psychological bias that is the result of the tendency of making decisions in an illogical manner. The effects of bias in decision-making include loss of opportunity and decision-making that is below par. I have come to realise of decision-making bias that affected my choice of career with the main examples being anchoring and confirmation bias. Anchoring bias impacted on the choice of majoring in business to be an accountant as a career choice through putting a lot of importance on the needs of my parents who believed that was my best career choice with little to no consideration of my personal interest and needs. My decision to make the career choice was anchored in the view of my parents always wanting to have their son to follow a career related to business field resulting in my undertaking business depicting the impact of anchoring bias in my career choice. Maybe the influence of my parents on my car eer decision and their needs would not have been that strong and I decided to follow my interests, I would not have chosen chose business, as a career path. Confirmation bias also impacted on my career choice where I aimed at finding out information on the business field, as a good career path. Instead of seeking information from accountants and other professionals in the business field, I sought to check from friends and family members on the goodness of a career in business. They all believed that a career in business was great and confirmed my beliefs about the career choice resulting in deciding to join the business field. The decision might not have been the same if I chose to seek advice from business professionals who would have provided objective advice and not aim at confirming my beliefs as it happened with family and friends. Confirmation bias, therefore, impacted on me deciding to join the business field through seeking information that would confirm my beliefs and not r igorously looking for the correct and even contradicting information career choice. Discussion Example Discussion – Coursework Example Discussion 4 Richard Cory ‘Do not judge a book by its cover is the theme portrayed by the reading. Richard Corys friends thought he was happy and yet he was not. They judged him from how brilliant he looked every morning. The friends also thought that his wealth would automatically translate to happiness. In addition, the neighbors also thought that Richards education would make him happy but it did not. It was only until he committed suicide that his neighbor truly knew that he had not been happy in his life.The text addresses the subject correctly. Richards neighbors wished they were like him. It was because of the good things they saw from the outside. They, however, could not see the pain he was undergoing. It was unbearable for his, and he had to take his life. For this reason, I totally agree with the reading’s portrayal of the theme. Discussion 9The basis of this study is an article that was featured in cnn.com of a hunter who was attacked by bears in Alaskan Isla nd. The articles author draws the attention of readers to the article by providing an overview of the article’s content in its title. A reader is easily lured into reading the entire article by merely reading its title. The audience of the report is the general public, and the author uses a melancholic tone to capture the sympathy of his audience (Jethro 1). The author’s choice of words prompts readers into sympathizing with the victim. In describing the attack, he used the term ‘maul’ to illustrate how the bears pawed the victim. Despite the fact that he has not disclosed the sources of his facts, the author’s information seems accurate. This is because he gives details of the attack and even mentions survivors of the attack (Jethro 1). The author gives particular facts including the age of the victim in his article. He also relates this attack to a previous bear attack that happened in the Air Force Base. These details vivify the dangers of bears in this region. In overall, the author has not just succeeded in broadcasting the news but also warning the populace of the danger of bears (Jethro 1). Work CitedJethro, Mullen. â€Å"Hunter airlifted from Alaskan island after bear attack.† edition.cnn.com. 6th November 2014. Web. Retrieved on 6th November, 2014 from http://edition.cnn.com/2014/11/06/us/alaska-bears-attack-hunters/index.html?hpt=hp_t3 Discussion Example Discussion – Coursework Example Discussion The scope of nursing involves dilemmas in which nurses’ responsibilities conflict with patients’ interests, and needs, in such situation requires both ethical and legal considerations. The fact that legal provisions may also establish the conflict further complicates dilemma in which nursing personnel find themselves. Hospice situations in which patients with terminal conditions may be suffering from extreme and unmanageable pain, for example, induces the need for assisted death that establishes a dilemma. A similar dilemma exists with a patient who would wish to quit smoking but does not and it is necessary to ensure a decision that can maximize benefits to all involved stakeholders. As a nurse in the situation, I would have a discursive session with the patient to explore effects of the smoking, both perceived positive and negative effects, and the involved stakeholders to the effects. Using the patient’s perspective, we would outline people who may perceive benefits from the act of smoking and those who may perceive harm. We would then try to quantify the effects on each stakeholder and evaluate whether the patient’s act of smoking offers net benefit or harm to the involved members of the society. I would then introduce the patient to utilitarian ethics and explain to him the need to commit acts that brings net benefits to a majority of members of the society (Brooks and Dunn, 2009). I would use ethical principles such as beneficence and non-malficence doctrines to encourage the patient that some decisions are made not only because they benefit an individual, but because of the effects that the decisions could have to other members of the society. I would however explain to the patient that the ultimate decision on smoking lies with him, based on the moral doctrine of autonomy (Paola, Walker and Nixon, 2010). This approach would offer an informed perspective to the patient and ensure an intrinsic motivation that, if the patient would resolve to quit smoking, would ensure sustainability in the abstinence. ReferencesBrooks, L. and Dunn, P. (2009). Business & professional ethics for directors, executives & accountants. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Paola, F. Walker, R. and Nixon, L. (2010). Medical ethics and humanities. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Free Essays on Student

Free Essays on Student A crust of bread and a corner to sleep in A minute to smile and a hour to weep in A pint of joy to a peck of trouble And never a laugh, but the moans come double A crust and a corner that love makes precious With smiles to warm, and tears to refesh us And Thats Life!...

Lancome Brand Management in China & USA Dissertation

Lancome Brand Management in China & USA - Dissertation Example Existing surveys about Lancome were utilized to discover the differences in customer acceptance in the two countries. To countercheck the findings of surveys, online articles, annual reports of L’Oreal, the mother company of Lancome, and other reading materials were considered as references. Primary survey of 20 Chinese respondents and 20 American respondents revealed the impact or brand management, brand equity, and brand equity value in terms of 65% of total demand for luxury cosmetics among the Chinese and 50% for the Americans. Findings showed that other than differences in preferences about what is considered beautiful and the differences in attitude as well as behavior of consumers with regards to luxury cosmetics, indeed the brand management theory is practiced in both countries. It states people value quality, consistency with good experiences with a product, and would also appreciate gaining added value from the same brand. Its value is initially gained from discoveries of risks with using the product. Since there are more competitors in the USA which are also branded and known to be safe and the market is saturated, Lancome in the USA faces price competition, whereas in China, due to less competitors that are known to be similarly safe cosmetics and many more cities do not have such a quality cosmetic, Lancome China has been growing faster in spite of the much higher prices of its products. Lancome cosmetics in the USA are known as Privilege Cosmetics while in China, it is a luxury with the best quali ty – safest to use, best value, consistent and predictable with the many years of its existence. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background Globalization of businesses and the need for developed countries to look for new markets have been challenging marketing managers to find ways and means to penetrate economies for quality products to be appreciated, accepted, and established. One effective way has been brand marketing. France, the home of Lancome brand managed by its mother company L’Oreal, had formulated this luxury cosmetics since 1935. It was Armand Petitjean who invented it while L’Oreal decided to own it by 1964. The success of this brand in the world market has reaped for the company $5.5 billion worth of brand value, according to Forbes (2012). Lancome was named # 75 most powerful brand covering all products worldwide. As of 2012, its sales total had reached $ 3.8 billion. L’Oreal brand is # 25. Avon is # 70. These three are under the same consumer packaged goods industry. Lancome has outperformed Avon in China through brand marketing management strategies since Avon is more on direct selling which is said to be â€Å"25% about the brand and 75% about the sales channel† (Kowitt 2012, par. 9). In North America, L’Oreal’s Clarisonic cosmetic brand experienced a â€Å"double-digit growth† in 2012 (L’Oreal 2012). 1.2 Objectives The overall aim is to prove that the principles in brand

ARTICLE ONE AND ARTICLE TWO Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARTICLE ONE AND ARTICLE TWO - Assignment Example The intriguing fact in the article is how the author presents the information about panda and penguin abandoning the new born in an effort to sustain itself. This sure does indicate that nature mysterious in its own ways. The article has many scientific facts which normal people fail to encounter or got less chance to read. They are many facts which people are unheard of. The article also details the reason why these creature abandon their offspring which might not make sense to the social animal albeit humans. The article itself seems to have a sole purpose of providing information to people that what we might think sensible can be absurd for nature and vice versa. This subject is of interest because it explores the unique nature of animal and bird’s and indicates the survival is the key right of the fittest.In total, the article is rich in information and subject and is equally good in the theme as it is a glimpse of the mystery of nature. The article is all about cancer and how it can dangerous to sound and experience. This subject can be both interesting as well as repelling to people as nobody want to be acquainted with cancer at any point of their life time. The author is health and fitness expert and hence can be more relied upon on the subject of cancer as it is a health issue. From the article, we can understand how a distortive cell engineer itself and progress to the destroy the whole group of cells in less matter of time. Sometime the nature can be a killer as well as saviour. This article makes us think whether cancer is a play of God or ignorance of human being. The author with her writing makes us wonder that when all the cells do its job well, why a certain cell should go out of direction and attack healthy cells. They have been many scientific reasoning and research in case of cancer but the real cause of cancer still remains a mystery. The cell division and