Pink Dear Mr President Essay

-This refers to President Bush’s widely debated â€Å"No Child Left Behind† program, in which federal funding for schools is contingent on standardized test scores. The program has been praised by supporters for its aim to raise the bar for teachers and push for continued education, as well as its basis in literacy support and individual school accountability. It has also been berated for creating a narrow curriculum because of limited focus of the standardized tests, inadequate funding, allegations of test score manipulation and its clause to guarantee the facilitation of military recruitment during introductions to higher education. -This refers to President Bush’s adamant pro-life stance. In accordance with the teachings of Bush’s Methodist faith, President Bush believes that life begins at conception. Therefore, he has a track record of opposing all proposals that interfere with life before birth. This also includes most stem-cell research proposals. And what kind of father might hate his own daughter if she were gay? -Again, in accordance with standard Methodist teachings, Bush is opposed to homosexual unions. In particular, President Bush has pushed for the â€Å"Marriage Protection Amendment,† a piece of legislature which would define marriage as the union between a man and a woman. Bush has met controversy during his term when it was revealed that Dick Cheney’s daughter was openly gay and having a child with her partner. I can only imagine what the first lady has to say You’ve come a long way from whiskey and cocaine. -This refers to allegations that Bush had an affinity for alcohol in his youth. Pink refers to cocaine here because of Bush’s supposed arrest and ensuing discovery of cocaine possession in 1972. Bush neither confirms nor denies these allegations, saying only â€Å"when I was young and irresponsible, I was young and irresponsible.† Regardless of your political viewpoints, Pink’s song is a thought provoking listen. While I have attempted to remain neutral in this piece, the song stirs your opinion either to one side or the other. As it ends with the words, â€Å"Dear Mr. President, you’d never take a walk with me, would you?† I urge you to use it to spur discussions of your own.

CHEM Lab

Another source of error is that possibly the ice and salt did not get to a low enough temperature, but again I would think this would alter the results giving a higher temperature instead of a lower one. Something that would give too low a temperature is if the thermometer bulb was directly on the test tube, and the temperature decreased because of the ice/salt mixture instead of the alcohol/water mixture. This is what probably happened in my experiment. Another thing that would cause the temperature to be too low is contamination in the alcohol, contributing more solute to the solution than expected. Using table salt and road salt, how would you design an experiment to determine which of these affected the boiling point of water the most? Which substance do you expect will affect it the most and why? Procedure: Weight out 1 g of salt and put it in ml of water in a test tube. Put a thermometer in and put the test tube over a Bunsen burner, recording the temperature till it boils. Ass uming equal masses (1 g each) of salt, the table salt should affect it more because sodium is smaller than calcium and there would be more moles of table salt in g than there would be of road salt.Conclusion: Freezing point depression occurs when a solute is dissolved in a solvent. The solute makes the freezing point of the solvent decrease. How much the freezing point decreases depends on the immolate of the solute. The higher the immolate, the more the freezing point will decrease. The solute molecules interfere with the solvent freezing, and so the solution will have to get colder to freeze than the pure substance would. There was a large percent error in this experiment. There were a number of things the test tube and got too cold from the ice/salt mixture on the outside of the test be.Some other sources of error are measuring the alcohol or the water incorrectly. The graduated cylinder is not very accurate when measuring small amounts such as 2 ml. Some of the alcohol could hav e evaporated during the experiment since it is so volatile. There could have been some contamination in the alcohol, such as other solutes, that would contribute to the decrease in freezing point. I used 91% spoilsport alcohol instead of 70%, and this may be a cause of error as well. The formula holds only for relatively small amounts of solute, and maybe the 91% was too much.This experiment did not turn out as well as I had hoped. Perhaps if there were a way to keep the thermometer off of the test tube itself so that it doesn't get so cold, that would be a better procedure. Perhaps if you could cork the test tube (if it were a large enough one to fit a cork in it) with a hole for the thermometer, then the cork would hold the thermometer in the solution instead of having it touch the sides of the test tube. No matter the numerical results of the experiment, I did learn a lot more about freezing point depression than I had known previously. That aspect of the experiment was successfu l.

Celta assignment

The receptive skill chosen for this assignment is reading, and the authentic material used for the purpose of developing this skill is an article entitled, Greenwich is packed full of Londons most popular attractions [1], which will be related to the productive skill of writing. The learners reside in London and come from EU countries (mostly Italy), and motives for learning the English language vary. The age factor of the students may suggest different needs and cognitive skills, however all the students are competent to a pre-intermediate level of the English language. The authentic text chosen is an article from the Metro newspaper online website, (metro. co. uk). The text is about attractions in Greenwich and I believe that this text will interest learners because it gives information on how to explore London in new ways they may have not been aware of, as well as further demographic exposure of their surroundings. This text will also provide students the opportunity to get together and practise their English as most of the text has proper names of places, which will help students identify the capitalization of Proper Nouns for a writing task for example. Receptive Skills The aims of this lesson are: Detailed reading or intensive reading, as Jim Scrivener (Learning Teaching, p. 264) states, reading texts closely and carefully with the intention of gaining understanding of as much detail as possible. 1 Gist reading skimming the written text to get a general idea of what it is about 2, as Jeremy Harmer states (How to Teach English, p. 101). Task Summary Setting the context: The topic for the lesson is London attractions in Greenwich. As a lead in, to get the students interested in the material, I would ask them to look at the title of the text, Greenwich is packed full of Londons most popular attractions, and in groups write down what these popular attractions may be. The resulting group discussions would have the students forming ideas on attractions in London, which correlates to the content of the text. This will act as a good transition into the following reading tasks. Although there are plenty of new vocabulary items in the article, I think students would not have any significant difficulties in grasping the overall meaning of the text. Detailed reading task For the detailed reading task, the students would read through the article and give short true or false answers to comprehension about the attractions there are to explore in the Greenwich area of London. This task focuses on the sub-skill of reading for detail, as the students will need to find the attractions listed in the article and why the statements are true or false. Rationale: The purpose of this activity is to inform students of the attractions London has to offer within Greenwich. To encourage the reading I would give the students an ample amount of time for this activity. Students would peer-check and receive class feedback. The language and phrases derived from this activity may be useful for a following writing activity. Gist reading task This task will require the students to gist read the title of the article and describe what they think the article is about. Rationale: This task focuses on the reading sub-skill of skimming for gist. The reason for this activity is to ensure that the students understand the general topic of the text and this may also generate more interest to read the text further. To complete this task effectively, students would need to skim the title to get a general understanding of the article. The students would have 3 minutes for this activity and discuss in pairs or groups. An enforced time limit ensures that just conclude a general summary of what the article may be about. Productive Skills Writing task 1: The students will write a short/brief description of popular attractions in their own country or town, using the article as an example. Rationale: The writing task should allow students to be able to write about something that they can relate to, modeling texts similar to the article read. Writing task 2: Students will write a short informal e-mail to a friend, giving information about an attraction they have visited in London. Learners will inform their friends of a place where they ate and drank and places they shopped and an attraction such as architecture for example. Rationale: This task is a real-life scenario of communicating, and provides a good opportunity for students to practice and develop their skills. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1 Jim Scrivener, Learning Teaching: The Essential Guide to English Language Teaching, MacMillan, 2010 2 Jeremy Harmer, How to teach English: New Edition, Pearson Education Limited, 2007 Online [1]. http://metro. co. uk/2012/09/07/greenwich-is-packed-full-of-londons-most-popular-attractions-567671/, November 30, 2013 [online] Available at: Greenwich is packed full of London’s most popular attractions Friday 7 Sep 2012 2:23 pm The insider’s guide to the capital’s hidden gems visits Greenwich – an area where there’s plenty of time to explore. The National Maritime Museum is one of London’s leading lights (Pic: File) Chances are, if you’re in Greenwich, you came to see the Cutty Sark, the Royal Naval Museum or to stand with your legs either side of the Meridian Line at the Royal Observatory. These are some of London’s most popular attractions – and for good reason – but they are by no means all Greenwich has to offer. Venture off the tourist trail and you’ll find a winding, historic neighbourhood with some great places to eat, drink and shop. The main strip, around Cutty Sark DLR station, has a seaside vibe. It’s popular with visitors and the famous covered Greenwich Market (Tue to Sun, 10am-5. 30pm, shopgreenwich. co. uk/greenwich-market ) is likely to be one of your first stops. One half sells fairly standard market fair, including graffiti prints, jewellery and clothing from far flung corners of the world. The other half comprises food stalls (on Wednesdays and weekends) which are a great alternative to the clutch of tourist-orientated eateries and lacklustre chains on Greenwich Church Street. Exotic, cheap and extremely tasty, the queues are worth it for Ethiopian stews, pad Thai or sushi. Unfortunately, there isn’t really anywhere to sit, so either head around the corner for a bench view of the Cutty Sark or, better still, lose the crowds altogether by heading to the picturesque park behind St Alfege Church, just a stone’s throw from the market. In terms of shopping, Greenwich has a surprising amount of gems. In the main melee, you’ll find the reliable second-hand charity bookshop Oxfam Books (2 College Approach, Tel: 020 8305 1656), as well as Music Video Exchange (23 Greenwich Church Street, Tel: 020 8858 8898), both good for a rummage. Further treasure can be found around the corner and down the road at Greenwich High Road’s Clocktower Market (Sat and Sun, 10am-5pm, clocktowermarket. co. uk ). You’ll come across hard-to-find CDs, tatty old beer signs and even some decent vintage clothing. However, if you’ve already bought enough treats, next to the market, you’ll find films of a largely artistic nature being screened at the Greenwich Picturehouse (180 Greenwich High Road, Tel: 0871 902 5732, picturehouses. co. uk ). In need of sustenance? If the weather is good, a few places further south on Royal Hill are good for a sit-down away from the visitor furore. The Greenwich Union (56 Royal Hill, Tel: 020 8692 6258, greenwichunion. com ) and Richard I (52-54 Royal Hill, Tel: 020 8692 2996, richardthefirst. co. uk ) are popular with locals and both have tables out where you can nurse a pint while watching the world go by – very slowly. Or, continuing in the same direction, you’ll find the Guildford Arms (55 Guildford Grove, Tel: 020 8691 6293, theguildfordarms. co. uk ), another pub, this time with a beautiful, hidden garden. For tea and cake, Royal Teas (76 Royal Hill, Tel: 020 8691 7240, royalteascafe. co. uk ) takes some beating. Or pull up a tables at Buenos Aires Cafe (86 Royal Hill, Tel: 020 8488 6764, buenosairesltd. com ), which is the perfect place for a couple of empanadas and a coffee. If those clouds are looking a bit ominous, back towards the action you’ll find La Fleur (18 Royal Hill, Tel; 020 8305 1772). Part plant shop, part cafe, it’s essentially a cafe in a greenhouse. Back in the thick of it, by Cutty Sark station you’ll find plenty of folk heading to riverside pubs. Try The Trafalgar Tavern (6 Park Row, Tel: 020 8858 2909, trafalgartavern. co. uk ) and The Cutty Sark Tavern (4-6 Ballast Quay, Tel: 020 8858 3146, cuttysarktavern. co. uk ), both of which have views of the river. Truth be told, the vista isn’t that pretty, so you’re better off venturing across Greenwich Park to the Royal Observatory on One Tree Hill. The hill is no relation to the US TV show. In fact, you couldn’t get more British. Trek to the top for a panorama of Greenwich and the skyscrapers of Docklands behind it. APPENDIX A: Receptive skills Detailed reading task Instructions: Read the statements below and decide if they are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the space provided. a) Cutty Sark is not in Greenwich. __ b) You can buy food from the food stalls on Wednesday and weekends. __ c) There are no pubs in Greenwich. __ d) There are no places to shop in Greenwich. __ e) You can eat and drink water and crackers at the Royal Teas__ f) The Royal Observatory is near a park__ Answer sheet detailed reading a) F False b) T- True c) F False d) F False e) F False f) T True Gist reading task Instructions Read the title of article and describe what you think the article is about. Answer sheet gist reading The article is about Londons most popular attractions in Greenwich. APPENDIX B: Productive skills Writing task 1: Write a short/brief description of a popular attraction in your own country or town. In your description include: A famous place tourists can visit, a place to eat and describe the food (Remember that the place of the name must be in capital letter) - Writing Task 2 Your friend Antonio has e-mailed you and asked you to write him about a tourist attraction in the city of London. Write an e-mail to Antonio telling him: ? (Where to go for a meal and drinks) (Where to shop and what they sell) (What attraction to see and why they should see this)

Inclusive leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inclusive leadership - Essay Example This leadership will need to be found not only in the organization's management but also among employees, customers, investors, suppliers and the community. As an inclusive leader, one must adopt - and live - a set of values, which places human relationships centre stage and which defines the purpose of your enterprise in other than purely financial or commercial terms. For leadership to be meaningfully inclusive, it must find a way to include everyone in governance processes and be organized to pursue inclusive principles. Inclusive leaders perceive the organization as a complex system of mutually interdependent relationships, understand the links between the organization and the wider socio-economic environment and see organizational change in the context of social and technological change. "It is this deep understanding of the nature of the interdependence that exists between the organization and its dynamic environment that provides the basis for the ability of leaders to contribute to the development of an inspiring yet achievable vision of the organization's future." Such vision should meet the needs of the key stakeholders and at the same time provide the basis for an enterprise strategy to develop and sustain a competitive advantage. It attracts young managers with recognized leadership potential working in the voluntary, public and private sectors.

Final Exam Essay Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Final Exam Questions - Essay Example Today, many of us rely on these social networks to keep in touch with other people especially friends and relatives. More so, these social network sites enable individuals to access or share information, meet new friends and carry out business transactions through video conferencing. The emergence of virtual communities has helped some people to meet friends that they cannot interact with in real life may be because of their physical appearance. Even though the internet and social networking sites have changed and made our interactions easier and faster, there are many negative effects that these social networks have on online individuals and the society. There have been increased cases on crimes such as identity theft, hacking, stalking, piracy among others and these mostly affect those who are doing business online or interacting online. In addition, persistent use of social networks may cause addiction in that online users develop the attitude of not spending a day without tweetin g, sending mails, or facebooking. Most of us rely more on technology but less on others to form virtual relationships than real relationships (Turkle). With the easy access to the online technology and interfaces such as the internet, online dating has become a popular option for many people and it has revolutionized the dating pattern today. Many people who met through online dating have established a strong friendship bonds and these dating sites assist some people to find love and happy relationships. The lives of many individuals have been transformed through online encounters (Kenner). There are many advantages of online dating, firstly, it enables individuals to know and interact with different people across the globe and share their common interests. Secondly, online dating helps those individuals who are nervous in the presence of the opposite sex to easily interact with others

Rehabilitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rehabilitation - Essay Example e can have various effects.   I note that during the earlier stages of my disease that I had mild and uncontrollable muscular movements, stumbling, clumsiness, decreased concentration, decreased short-term memory, depression, and changes in mood (NHS, 2012).   During this time, I often felt confused and could not understand what was happening to me and why.   The diagnosis of my disease later helped me understand what I was going through (NHS, 2012).   As the disease advanced, I found it more difficult to walk, and sometimes had trouble sitting and standing on my own.   I also manifested involuntary movements at times.   I had trouble speaking clearly, and sometimes had difficulties in swallowing (NHS, 2012).   I also lost weight.   I also manifested emotional changes including mood changes, depression, and frustration.   My mood changes also caused a loss of motivation and drive, often causing me to withdraw from normal activities (NHS, 2012).   This disease has caused strain with my family members.   For my family, my disease caused much strain and stress.   Financial burden was one of these issues caused by my disease on my family.   It also made them embarrassed to have a family member suffering from the disease (Knowles, 2006).   My children felt misunderstood and did not socialize well with other children because of the embarrassment they felt.   My children also felt that they were constantly in a stressed household and often had to deal with arguments with my wife and with each other (Knowles, 2006).   My children’s studies were also affected due to the stress they had to deal with.   At times, they also had to deal with abuse, mostly emotional abuse from me (Knowles, 2006).   I would sometimes lash out at them and utter angry and hurting words which caused them much pain and frustration. My family also has a history of this disease, with my father and grandfather having died both in the early 40s due to the ravages of this disease. The fact that they

Marketing phychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marketing phychology - Essay Example stomers for instance, internet marketing, relationship marketing, industrial marketing, personalized marketing, social marketing, and attractive branding of products. Internet marketing was derived to capture digital customers and shun traditional marketing techniques. E-marketing was specifically formulated to target young and literate consumers because they have minimum time to watch televisions and listen to radios. Social media is profoundly used because it displays the picture and description of products. Relationship marketing always target reputation the company products have on the consumers. Customer loyalty is paramount for the prosperity of a business entity. Relationship between suppliers and consumers must be robust and sturdy to keep rival firms at bay (Napier, H. Albert, 2006, 21). Business flourishing is dependent on good marketing strategies that are directed towards target customers. Apple Company owes its success to availability of market niche that it capitalized on effectively for instance, there were few organizations that offered mobile phones and tablets at a cheap price. Segmentation element helped Apple identifies places, and customers that buy their products. Areas with low customer turn over however, require frequent advertisements, and after sale services for example, discounts to make them turn up in large numbers (Russell & Stern, 11). Alternative products greatly influence the nature of marketing to undertake because it provides customers with a better option when company’s goods and services are not appealing. Similarly alternatives create a boundary of differentiation between every company’s goods and services. This helps in guiding potential and new customers to the organization to avoid unhealthy competition. Consumer psychology mainly deals with personal tenets that drive consumers to choose the type of products, businesses and services they want in a market full of suppliers and retailers. Consumer psychology is

Edgar Degas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Edgar Degas - Research Paper Example He had come from a family that was extremely musical: his mother was an opera singer, though not a professional one, while his father Auguste used to arrange recitals to be performed by musicians in their home. Degas mother passed away when he was just thirteen years old; after that, both his father and grandfather had a great influence in his life (Edgardegas.net, 2010). He studied at the Lycee Loius le Grand whereby he attained a baccalaureat in literature in the year 1853. Degas began his life as a painter when he was still a teenager of eighteen years old; he had changed his room to be an artist’s studio and after graduating registered as a Louvre copist. Auguste however was not for the idea of his son becoming a painter, and he urged him to enroll in law school. In November 1853, Degas reluctantly went to study law at the Faculty of Law at the University of Paris; however, he was not so enthusiastic about it. When he was still a copist, he produced a number of copies of R aphel that were quite impressive; working on them, he studied other works done by contemporary painters with examples of Delacroix and Ingres (Edgardegas.net, 2010). In the year 1855 he was admitted into the Ecole Des Beaux-Art School in Paris, but after studying there only on year, he left school so that he could take three years traveling, studying and painting in Italy. There he painted painstaking copies of Michelangelo’s work, a renowned Italian Renaissance painter, as well as Da Vinci. He developed a classical linearity reverence that was a distinguishing characteristic even of the modern paintings he had done (Edgardegas.net, 2010). According to Growe, (2001), in 1859 Degas went back to Paris and made a name as a painter. He took the traditional approach whereby he painted large portraits mostly belonging to family members and big historical scenes with examples of Semiramis Building Babylon, the daughter of Jephtha and the Scene of middle Age war. He then went to subm it his works to a group of French teachers and artists who would be in charge of exhibitions that happened in public. The group had extremely conventional and rigid ideas of proper artistic form and beauty; therefore, it was indifferent to Degas paintings. In 1862, Degas had a chance of meeting Edouard Manet, a fellow painter at the Louvre, and the two developed a friendly rivalry within no time. In 1868 Degas was one of the important members of the avant-garde artists group that included Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley. They used to meet regularly as the Cafe Guerbois so as to discuss ways that artists could use to interact with the modern world. The Franco-Prussian war began in July 1870, and Degas decided to volunteer to be part of the French National Guard. As the war was ending in 1871, the Paris Commune took control of the capital for approximately two months previous to Adolphe Thiers went ahead to establish again the Third Republic at the time of a bloo dy civil war. In order to avoid the Paris Commune tumult, Degas took a long trip in New Orleans to visit his relatives (Growe, 2001). Degas came back to Paris in 1873, and here he met with Sisley, Monet and a few other painters. They went ahead to form the Societe Anonyme des Artistes which was a group that was obligated to have exhibitions which were not under the Salon’s control. The group would later come to be identified as the Impressionists despite the fact that Degas fancied the name â€Å"

Multiple Cuts Medical Treatment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multiple Cuts Medical Treatment - Case Study Example SH: the patient is an elderly man who lives alone in an own house. He is a widower and a retired soldier. He is a father to two sons, already married and away. He likes gardening and stays at home tending to his flower garden. He is wealthy and a possible target for burglars. O/E: Sharp cuts extending past the skin on the face and neck. The cuts have been partly sutured at the station and bleeding arrested. The patient looks calm and less anxious.Head and Neck: Second degree cuts on the face (3) and neck (1).Hands: A deep palmar cut, left hand that exposes a bleeder and nerves.Left Wrist: NADLt. palm: deep and sharp about 10cm extending from the proximal phalange of the thumb to the index finger.- Signs of previous bleeding noted, slightly swollen, no erythema, no atrophy, no sign of infection, no bruising, regular shape and no deformity-on exploration, no foreign body seen, wound bed pink in colour and no underlying structure exposed (Davies et al. 2011, p.17). Movement:Active: Flex ion-FROM with minimal pain on anterior aspect of distal phalanx Extension-FROM, pain free movementAbduction-FROM, pain free movementAdduction-FROM with minimal pain on anterior aspect of distal phalanxMedial Rotation-FROM with minimal pain on anterior aspect of distal phalanxPassive: Flexion-FROM with minimal pain on anterior aspect of distal phalanxExtension-FROM, pain free movementAbduction-FROM, pain free movement

Right to Education in Malaysia and the United States Thesis Proposal

Right to Education in Malaysia and the United States - Thesis Proposal Example As the report highlights various studies have been carried out on the right to education   Some of these will be discussed and presented below.   In the study by Kamarrudin, Ahman, and Sulaiman, the authors set out to discuss the right to education in Malaysia in relation to the UN Declaration of Human Rights and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.   It mostly considered the rights to education in Islam in Malaysia where majority of their population belong to the Islamic faith.   The study established that the right to education is recognized in both the international and in Malaysia policies and the latter has done its utmost to secure compulsory primary education for its citizens regardless of their religious affiliation.   It is recommended however that Malaysia take more strides towards securing compulsory education for the children until they reach the age of 17.   The country also recognizes the fact that through education, the moral, economic, and social development of the children can be secured.   In the end, these are values which are also supported by Islam.  From the essay it is clear that in the United States, the right to education is less legally clear-cut.   Their constitution does not specifically mandate the right to education for its people and the country is not a signatory to some of the international conventions which specify the allocation of the right to education.  

The Conflict Between the Arguments for Determinism and Free

The Conflict Between the Arguments for Determinism and Freedom Essay 1. Discuss the conflict between the arguments for determinism and freedom. Everyone in this world has asked this very old question: Are we humans really free in our willing and choosing, or are we predetermined to be and to do what antecedent â€Å"programmingâ€Å" dictates? We feel great for the things we go correct but we feel guilty and blame ourselves for bad decisions. How can we be sure the existence of freedom exists and not that its just a plain illusion. We also find ourselves in a dilemma we have to sides we have the feeling of being free and on the other side we have a feeling of being etermined to accomplish something. In reality we come to the real human dilemma we are both determined and free; and somehow work around the contradictions until we achieve a viable understanding on how both can be true. We as humans operate on the assumption that human beings can be morally and legally responsible -if our assumption of freedom is false, then life as we live it is a cruel joke founded upon a tragic illusion. We are not what we think we are; life is not what we think it is; the rules of the game are not what we thought. Skinner’s way of thinking, â€Å"freedom is a myth, and a dangerous yth because we have invested the myth and its symbol (â€Å"freedom†) with something close to sacred qualities. Freedom is an emotion that is a conditioned response, conditioned (cause) response. If we can’t explain human choice by cause and effect, then there is no answer. There is no other way to explain human choice. No explanation for what freedom means . By selecting specific causes and (stimuli), desire effects (responses) will result. Sartre is convinced that there is no determinism of any kind . Nothing tells me what to do, I decide; I myself decide, I cannot blame God, or others or y past environment , I am now what I make myself to be, I have to accept the consequences of my own freedom, take the responsibility for my decisions, and face the consequences thereof. Environment influences my freedom. Confuse my freedom with uperconditioning. Sartre claimed that man is condemned to be free. A person is the center of freedom. We exist in a world without guidelines. Nothing = no meaning. We live in two realities objective which is real and the subjective not real. Its choose what I want to be and become- so human meaning is nothing. Meaningful things in life would be: ultural norms, what u was brought out to be, and social norms. But to live means to dream a million dreams and forge ahead to catch the fullness of our being. There is nothing to help us, because the moment we became conscious of what we are, then we became responsible for everything we are and do. Freewill: the human consciousness is not subject to the same casual principles that the scientists assumes to operate in the rest of the physical world. A human is free, absolutely and unconditionally free; â€Å"there is no determinism-man is free, man is freedom†. Sartre: human life is inescapably tragic. Live life without myth: means for an explanation for life, getting through life with the human condition and living with that. This can have self cons to make yourself feel better. Sartre wants us to be accountable for our doings, what we do is our responsibility, we assume the consequences for our doings. He doesn’t want us to loose our freedom. Self deception becomes the center of consciousness that becomes and ties with the egocentric predicament. We have to be authentic in our minds choice becomes ours, our actions our own, and the consequences ours. We see how freedom becomes more of a choice, eterminism as the definition defines it: the assumption or doctrine that every event in the universe has a prior cause and that all effects are at least theoretically predictable in all the causes are known; becomes conflicting with freedom, because freedom as I mentioned is more of a choice, because every choice we make comes with a consequence. Its not predictable as determinisms explains. 3. Discuss Toynbee’s â€Å"organismic interpretation† of history. How is it different from that of Marx and Hegel ?  Arnold Toynbee’s Study of History was a research program where he discovered he meaning of history and of the western civilization. In his study he discovered patterns. Consistent, clear patterns of birth, growth, maturity, decline, disintegration, and death for each and every civilization in the world. To him the patterns were unmistakable, and he tried to study the movements of civilizations without prior doctrinal commitment. He believed that the patterns he was were real, not subjective. He gave labels to the stages of development; a â€Å"primitive society†, â€Å" creative minority†, and the â€Å"dominant minority†. Toynbee’s philosophy of history runs something like this: individuals experience a state f peace and contentment, then disillusionment and suffering, after that comes salvaging of values, then again a period of contentment and peace and the cycle repeats itself again. What Toynbee was saying in general was that people don’t get down to the business of assessing life’s values until their loss compels them to do so. In other words individuals learn by suffering, and only by suffering. But they learn and thereby alter the pattern of their civilization. Friedrich Hegel’s and Karl Marx way of thinking is way different that Toynbee’s history view. Friedrich Hegel stated that the thought process moves in a three beat rhythm that he called the â€Å"dialectic†. It begins with an idea, thesis, then proceeds to develop into its opposite, the anti-thesis; after that the mind sees the relatedness of the thesis and the antithesis and weaves them together into a synthesis. This synthesis, in turn, become another thesis, and so the dialectic repeats itself. The dialectic effects comprehension of the connections of the content of thought. Hegel was quite sure that that was the way Gods mind works. He said that God is pure thought or in his own words the Absolute Mind. He is no love or compassion, just pure thought. The Absolute Mind of God manifests reason through the human mind and therefore in human history. He mentioned that whenever people think and act more rationally, they are actualizing God’s will, and this progressive manifestation of logic is the theological purpose underlying human history. Human kind is a crucial part of the program, that man was becoming more reasonable. All of this would end in a state that Hegel described as â€Å"pure thought thinking about pure thought† or in other worlds Absolute mind contemplating itself. Karl Marx as one of Hegel’s students but as other students found the whole Absolute Mind thing was just dispassionate. He believed in Hegel’s â€Å"dialectic† and he believed it was real. But Marx saw it more as a â€Å"materialistic dialectic† an in his vision is was a dialectic of social struggle determined by man’s economic needs. Class struggle creates the three-beat rhythm. Marx interpretation is contrast to Hegel’s theistic dialectic. All Marxists know that history has purpose; it follows â€Å"inexorable law† toward a goal-the classless society where equality, justice, and plenty will prevail. Each individual is a part of history’s drama.

History of Psychology as a Scientific Discipline

History of Psychology as a Scientific Discipline DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY The commencement of the history of psychology is difficult to determine, essentially for the reason that it is hard to found accurately what psychology is. Instead, we can simply point that psychology is the study of the mind and its functions particularly those disturbing comportment in a given context.[SD1] One way to think about the olden times of psychology is to categorize the different theorists and theories into â€Å"sections† (or schools of thought). Each section is a manner of thinking about human mind and actions that actually dominated the field for a certain epoch until a new manner of considering psychology started to control the field.[SD2] The Beginnings of Psychology The most primitive origins of psychology are, predictably, found in the primeval cultures of Greece, Egypt, China and India. While modern psychology reveals the discipline’s rich and diverse history, the roots of psychology fluctuate considerably from present conceptions of the field. From its initial beginnings, psychology has been confronted with several questions. The initial interrogation of how to describe psychology help out to establish it as a science distinct from physiology and philosophy. Further questions that psychologists have faced all through history comprise: Is psychology truly a science? Should psychology emphasis on visible behaviors, or on inner cerebral processes? What subjects and problems should psychology be dealing with? What scientific methods should be used to study psychology?[SD3] Psychology itself had a long history, as a topic within the fields of philosophy and physiology. The initial psychological fundamentals are deep-rooted in philosophy. While the great philosophical dissimilarity between mind and body in western believed can be originated to the Greeks, it is to the powerful work of Renà © Descartes, French mathematics, philosopher and psychologist that we owe the concept of dualism that stated that the mind and the body were two dissimilar things that interrelate to create the human experience. Today psychology is still related with several of the fundamental philosophical enquiries that thinkers were considering many years ago such as the correlative contributions of nature vs. nurture. Early philosophers have recourse to techniques such as observation and judgment while modern psychologists made use of scientific ways to investigate and derive conclusions about human notion and actions. Early physiology enquiry on the mind and actions had an outstanding influence on psychology, essentially giving rise to the application of scientific methods to the study of human mind and behavior. [SD4] Psychology emerges as a separate discipline. Psychology took so long to emanate as a research-based field because it required time to mingle. Interpreting behavior, thoughts and emotions is challenging, which may possibly demonstrate why it was basically disregarded between ancient Greek times and the 16th century. Wundtian Psychology and Structuralism Psychology as a research-based subject began to spring in the 1800’s. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) is recognized with founding the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.Generally reckoned as the father of psychology, we[SD5] might credit the founding to Wundt in 1874 when he composed his first textbook issued as â€Å"Principles of Physiological Psychology†. Wundt actually made use of scientific methodologies especially his primary method of research which was â€Å"introspection†. Wundt was concerned in studying the mind and conscious involvement. He maintained the point that the investigation of mindful thoughts would be the key to know the mind. His method to the enquiry of the mind was revolutionary in that it was founded on methodical and rigorous reflection, setting the groundwork for modern psychological research.†.Introspection was a practice used by investigators to term and examine their personal internal thoughts and emotions throughout a research experience Introspection subsisted for a few times and is still used today in present neuroscience study; nevertheless many scientists slate the use of introspection for its lack of experimental approach and fairness. Structuralism Becomes Psychology’s First School of Thought Structuralism emerged from Wundts concepts. Edward B. Titchener, an English instructor who was an apprentice under Wundt’s management, elaborated upon Wundts ideas and used them to establish the theory of structuralism, which aim to comprehend the mind as the â€Å"sum of varying underlying parts†. The ultimate objective was to understand the brainpower. He assumed that if the rudimentary constituents of the mind could be demarcated and classified, then the structure of mental processes and higher thinking could be resoluted. Using Wundt’s primary method that is introspection, however with strict guidelines, Titchener’s volunteers would try to crack down their responses and reactions to the most root feelings and discernments. Structuralism was criticized because its subject of scrutiny—the conscious experience—was not simply studied with skillful experimentation. Its reliance on introspection, despite Titcheners strict rules, was disapproved for its deficiency in authenticity. Judges claimed that self-reflection is not viable, and that introspection can provide diverse results depending on the subject. Even though the quest of structuralism mostly died with Titchener (1867-1927), he supplied a solid system of psychology which would well along be the matter and center of major alterations in psychology, resulting in a substitute approach to psychology: functionalism. Functionalism is of great significance to the history of American psychology, for the reason that it is a system of psychology that is exclusively American. Wundtian psychology and structuralism one and the other have their origins in Germany, but functionalism is an American product. The Functionalism of William James American psychologist William James (1842-1910) emerges[SD6] in the mid- to late-1800s.Functionalism appeared as a response to the structuralism and was greatly influenced by the work of William James and the evolution theory of Charles Darwin. James approach to psychology was barely concentrated upon the structure of the mind, and more concerned with scrutinizing the manner in which the mind adjusts to altering situations and atmospheres. Functionalism also put emphasis on individual dissimilarities, which had a serious influence on educational sector. The changeover from structuralism to functionalism reveals the rapidly fluctuating times in psychology. In just a period of twenty years (1880-1900), the main principal point of psychology moved from Germany to America. Gestalt’s Psychology While Wundt and James were investigating with introspection, another group of psychologists were elucidating human inner thoughts and actions in a considerably altered way. Gestalt psychology is founded upon the concept that we encounter life situations as combined wholes Gestalt psychologist like Max Wertheimer (1880–1943) attempted to survey a person’s whole experience for the reason that the way we experience the world is further than just an amassing of several perceptual involvements. Like the introspective principles, usually than the influence to particular forms of therapy and the investigation of perception, Gestalt psychology has rather slight influence on present psychology. Behaviorism[SD7] Behaviorism came to be a prevailing school of thought during the 1950s and had its initial start with the work of a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov. This approach set up against functionalists concepts attempted to make psychology as a more scientific field by centering only on observable behavior. It was also centered upon the work of thinkers such as: John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. John B. Watson strictly proclaimed war by founding a completely new method to psychology namely behaviorism. Watson is usually considered as the father of behaviorism:Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.John Watson,Behaviorism, 1930. The term behaviorism is related to the school of psychology established by John B. Watson centered on the conviction that actions can be measured, trained, and altered. Behaviorism was recognized with the publication of Watsons model paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It (1913).Another behaviorist, B. F. Skinner (1904–1990), extended the rudimentary concepts of behaviorism to comprise the idea of reinforcement—environmental incitements that either boost or discourage some reactions. Skinner’s intellectual inspiration persisted for decades. Despite the fact that behaviorism in time eradicated its hold on psychology, the elementary ideologies of behavioral psychology are still far and wide in use today. Psychoanalysis[SD8] An Austrian physician so-called Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) reformed the face of psychology in a revolutionary way, suggesting a theory of personality that accentuated the significance of the unconscious mind. The psychoanalytic theory suggested by Sigmund Freud had an incredible influence on 20th-century beliefs, winning over the mental health sector as well as other fields comprising art, literature and popular culture. Freud assumed that the human awareness consisted of three features: the id, the ego, and the superego. A lot of Freuds interpretations and theories were founded on clinical problems and case studies rather than empirical, scientific researches. Freud maintained the fact that to understand human thoughts and actions correctly, we must enquire the unconscious mind over and done with dream analysis, word link, and other psychoanalytic treatment methods. This Austrian physician stated that the unconscious was that section of the human mind that consist of instincts, actions, and needs that we actually ignored of but on the other hand affect our conduct. However, Freuds theories altered in what way we reason about the human thoughts and actions and his contribution to psychology and culture is incontestable. Yet, in the beginnings of 1900s in the United States, Freud’s ideologies were dominated by another concept to understanding behavior called behaviorism. Cognitive Psychology[SD9] Cognitive psychology is the school of thought that investigates mental processes comprising how people think, perceive, remember and learn. This section of psychology is linked to other field comprising neuroscience, philosophy and linguistics. This approach began to arise during the 1950s. One of the utmost influential theories from this school of thought was the phases of cognitive development theory suggested by Jean Piaget.Research developed to matters such as memory, problem solving, and decision making. Cognitive psychology is not up till now a system of psychology, but it is presumably the most prevalent approach in experimental psychology today Humanistic psychology Dissatisfaction with behaviorism and the social turmoil of the 1960s result[SD10] in humanistic psychology. Humanistic psychology was concentrated on each persons capacity and underlined the significance of development and self-realization. The major conviction of humanistic psychology is that individuals’ are naturally good and that cerebral and communal difficulties are caused from deviances from this natural inclination.[SD11] Referencing List Oren Lahav. Origins of psychology. Available: http://psychology.learnhub.com/lesson/3833-origins-of-psychology Last accessed 27 January 2015. Kendra cherry. TheOriginsofPsychology.Available:http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychistory.htm Last accessed 27 January 2015. History of Psychology. 123HelpMe.com.Available:http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=69704 Last accessed 27 January 2015. Kendra cherry.The Influence of Philosophy and Physiology. Available:http://www.netplaces.com/psychology/psychology-yesterday-and-today/the-influence-of-philosophy-and-physiology.htm Last accessed 27 January 2015. Saul McLeod. (2008). Psychology as a Science. Available: http://www.simplypsychology.org/science-psychology.html Last accessed 27 January 2015. â€Å"Early Frameworks: Structuralism and Functionalism.† (20 Sep 2014). Boundless Psychology. Available:https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/history-of-psychology-23/early-frameworks-structuralism-and-functionalism-111-12648/ Last accessed 28 January 2015. History of Psychology. 123HelpMe.com. Available: http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=69704. Last accessed 27 January 2015. From R. Eric Landrum. Brief History of Psychology. Available: http://personal.psu.edu/faculty/a/c/acp103/PSYCH105/brief_history.htm. Department of Psychology. Boise State University. Last accessed 28 January 2015. (Kendra cherry.Major Schools of Thought in Psychology 7 of the Major Schools of Thought inPsychology.Available:http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/schoolsthought.htm. Last accessed 28 January 2015. Kendra cherry.The Rise of Behaviorism. Available: http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychistory_3.htmLast accessed 28 January 2015 Kendra cherry.What Is Behaviorism? Available:http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm.Last accessed 28 January 2015 Kendra cherry .Psychoanalysis.Available:http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychistory_2.htm Last accessed 28 January 2015 Kendra cherry. What is Psychoanalysis.Available:http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychistory_2.htm. Last accessed 29 January 2015 Kendra cherry. What is Humanistic Psychoanalysis? Available:http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychistory_2.htm Last accessed 29 January 2015 1 [SD1]Unclear [SD2]Good introduction. [SD3]/do not list questions [SD4]Could have started with this paragraph and not give so many details about greeks and Descartes. [SD5]writing should be impersonal. [SD6]Past tense [SD7]Missing transition about why behaviorism came about [SD8]Missing transition from behaviorism to psychoanlalysis. Behaviorism comes after psychodynamic approach. [SD9]Missing transition about how the cognitive school of thought came about. [SD10]Past tense. [SD11]Satisfactory attempt. Intext references missing though and should have used materials from books and journal articles and not only from websites.

Mental Health Strategies in Northern Ireland

Mental Health Strategies in Northern Ireland This text demonstrates that Northern Ireland has a 25% higher record of reports of mental health issues than the remainder of the United Kingdom (UK). It is illustrated that women on average tend to report more mental health problems than men depending on the age category of that person. For example, in almost all cases of the age groups, women recorded to have a higher percentage of showing signs of mental health issues than men. Two age groups which have demonstrated that men have a higher percentage are of the 25-34 and 55-64 age categories. This could be due to a number of reasons as at this age they could be encountering financial or family pressures and issues which could lead to stress or other related mental health illnesses. It is also displayed that as a person increases in age the percentage of people with mental health problems decreases over time and the mental health of a person would improve. The highest and most common form of mental health problems in 2013 reported w as anxiety disorders with 14.3% while mood disorders were recorded as 9.6%. Over a period of a year a high 60% of individuals who were suffering from a mental health disorder went untreated. This was more than half of those who required treatment. Those whom did receive medical attention felt as if they didnt receive help that was of a beneficial standard. Between 2010/11 and 2014/15, the number of patients who were admitted to hospital for further examinations and monitoring had decreased by 13.3% which suggests that the number of people without any mental health problems were improving. However, the number of beds available to mental health patients had too decreased being a contributing reason as to why the number of people with mental health disorders had decreased, because they were unable to be given any treatment. Of those who were administered to hospital, over half (54.5%) were males. The amount of medication prescribed for mental health issues such as for anxiety disorders increased by a fifth over four years. With relation to the level of prescriptions for antidepressants, Northern Ireland has higher levels of depression than that of the UK. This has resulted in an increase in the amount of money being spent on the prescriptions. Between 2010 and 2013, Northern Ireland was recorded to have spent the most on prescriptions than England, Scotland and Wales. This suggests that the people of Northern Ireland are experiencing the greatest amount of mental health issues and need an increased amount of anti-depressants. In 2013 it was recorded that two thirds of women were suffering from mood and anxiety disorders and were receiving more antidepressant and antianxiety medication than men and this was twice as high for those in the higher levels of socioeconomic deprivation. In urban deprived areas of Northern Ireland people were 75% more likely to have received medicati on for anxiety. The Northern Ireland Young Life and Times survey reported that 29% of 16 year olds have experienced serious personal emotional or mental health difficulties. Child health in Northern Ireland can be classified as some of the poorest in the eastern areas of Europe. In 2008 in Northern Ireland, 90% of young people admitted that they had never self-harmed. This decreased to 87% in 2013 which demonstrates an increase the amount of young people who self-harm in 2013.It is predicted that the number of people with dementia in Northern Ireland in 2010 will increase by 40% in 2021. It is also recorded that in Northern Ireland the elderly population living in nursing homes is 3.5 times higher than in England. Reports for mental health problems in men aged 65 and over have been higher in those living in deprived areas. Same-sex couples in Northern Ireland who have children have been involved in discrimination and injustice. In Northern Ireland same-sex marriage is not legal unlike in England, Scotland and Wales. In 2013, 29% of people in Northern Ireland disagreed with same-sex marriage.Evidence has found that 35.3% of Lesbian, Gay Bisexual /Transgender (LGB/Ts) in Northern Ireland encountered self-harm whereas the remainder of the UK is lower with 13 per cent. LGB/T people who are living in rural areas have a higher level of experiencing depression with more than 5 in every 8. In Northern Ireland, ethnic minority groups have lower rates of employment. Unemployment rates for Black groups were 12.4% while the non-ethnic groups of Northern Ireland who are of the working age were lower at 5%. In 2015, females in Northern Ireland achieved 83.4% grade C or above GCSEs results which was higher than that of males which was 71.4%. On the contrary, men had a higher employment rate with 71.4% while the women s was 61.9%. Mental health problems have been identified as the main reason for leave to be granted from the workplace with 39.1% related to Northern Ireland. This too demonstrates that a higher percentage of females would be encountering mental health issues as there are more males employed in work. Northern Ireland have been recorded with the highest number of suicides with 16.4 per 100,000 population compared to the UK with 10.3 in England, 9.2 in Wales and 14.5 in Scotland. Males in Northern Ireland were reported with the highest rates of suicide in the UK with 75% in 2014. It has been recorded that male travellers have a suicide rate which is 6.6 times more than the suicide rate of males who arent travellers. This could be due to them suffering from mental health illnesses which went untreated. The current suicide rate of 27 per 100,000 for males is the highest since 2010. Self-harm has been recorded at its highest in Northern Ireland compared to the rest of the UK. In 2013, 10% of self-harm medical treatment in hospitals wasfor those under the age of 18.Girls have had a higher recording of self-harm of 15.5% compared to boys with 5.1%. Girls of this age may be experiencing difficulties, for example emotional issues, which lead to stress or mental health problems which they deal with by self-harming. According to the Northern Ireland Study of Health and Stress over half of the people asked said they have experienced a traumatic event at some stage of their life and 32% of those who had been involved with trauma have had a mental health issue. Social determinants may be a contributing factor to mental health disorders. Oxfam have reported that in January 2014 in Northern Ireland 32% lived in poverty along with a quarter of the population earning less than the living wage. Evidence shows that those people living in the most deprived areas are two times more likely to develop mental health problems than those who are not. In 2009 in Northern Ireland 1.47% of people were found to be homeless and this is similar to Scotland with 1.56% whereas 0.19% was in England and 0.45% in Wales. These statistics have increased each year over the five year period in Northern Ireland. Strategies: Investing for Health-Promoting Mental Health Strategy and Action Plan 2003 2008 This strategy was developed to provide help and support to sufferers of mental illnesses. They have an aim to reduce the mental problems people are experiencing and to increase the support available to the individual and their families of those with mental health issues. This includes their target to ensure that there is increased recognition of the support materials and organisations available to sufferers of mental illnesses so that they are able to achieve a reduction in the stress they could have. They also aim to decrease any injustice and discrimination towards people with mental health difficulties which may occur. They anticipate working with other organisations in the public and private sector to achieve a reduced number of people with mental health issues. Initiatives: CAMHS CAMHS is an abbreviation of Child and Adolescents Mental Health Services. They provide help and support to young people aged up to eighteen and their families who are experiencing problems in their family life for example, behavioural and emotional issues concerning their wellbeing. Help can be received through consulting the childs GP or a teacher at school for advice. Trained specialists such as psychiatrists work to overcome any difficulties through understanding the problems being faced and closely working with the young person individually and with their family. This would take place in a community environment or in selected departments of a hospital. It allows each member of the family to express their views and feelings to solve the problems affecting them. http://www.youngminds.org.uk/for_parents/services_children_young_people/camhs/what_are_cahms http://www.nhs.uk/nhsengland/aboutnhsservices/mental-health-services-explained/pages/about-childrens-mental-health-services.aspx AWARE AWARE is a charity in Northern Ireland which aims to provide support to sufferers of depression. Support groups are offered by volunteers who are trained in specific areas in relation to dealing with people with depression. They bring together other people who are suffering from a similar illness to give them a chance to talk and share their feelings and experiences.AWARE provides group sessions for all ages on problems associated with wellbeing and mindfulness. The wellbeing programmes have a number of divided groups with regards to the individuals age. For example, the programme for young people aged between fourteen and eighteen years old gives an opportunity for them to learn more about mental health and to understand the signs of depression and emotional difficulties related to their mental health. This will provide further education on mental illnesses and problems. Mindfulness is another group session involved in the AWARE charity. Here, people learn to deal with difficult tasks they may face on a day to day basis in a peaceful and stress free manner. This is accomplished through a form of meditation which allows a relaxation period for any worries and depressive thoughts to be overcome. https://www.aware-ni.org/ MINDING YOUR HEAD Minding your head is a mental health awareness initiative which provides help to people who may be suffering from poor mental health. They do this by supplying a variation of information with relation to organisations who could offer support in communities in Northern Ireland for example Action Mental Health. This could be achieved through support groups to help people to overcome their problems and difficulties associated with mental health. It also provides information on how to maintain and improve mental health to minimise the chances of illnesses regarding mental health in the future.5 steps to wellbeing is an example of a resource developed through MINDING YOUR HEAD to help deal with mental health difficulties a person may be experiencing. This initiative outlines a variety of strategies and procedures to follow which could play a contributing role in a persons mental health. The five steps include: Connect Be active Take notice Keep learning Give

The Devil in the Shape of a woman Essay -- essays research papers

The Devil in the Shape of a Woman â€Å"The Devil in the Shape of a Woman† was an excellent book that focuses on the unjusts that have been done to women in the name of witchcraft in Salem, and many other areas as well. It goes over statistical data surrounding gender, property inherence, and the perceptions of women in colonial New England. Unlike the other studies of colonial witchcraft, this book examines it as a whole, other then the usual Salem outbreaks in the late 17th century. To completely understand the history of New England witchcraft you have to understand the role of colonial women. The author of this book, Carol Karlsen, used a lot of Secondary and primary sources to support her thesis. She uses first hand accounts of witch trials. Which I found very interesting to read. Such as her use of Cotton Mathers personal writings. She also used court records as one of her sources to writing this book. These records showed the detailed court proceedings, depositions, and court rulings. The book begins with a brief history of the colonial witchcraft. Each Chapter is structured with an orientation, presentation of evidence, and her conclusion. A good example of her structure is in chapter two on the demographics of witchcraft; here she summarizes the importance of age and marital status in witchcraft accusations. Following this she provides a good transition into chapter three in the final sentence of chapter two, â€Å"A closer look of the material conditions and behavior of acc...

Using Listservs and Discussion Groups in the English Classroom Essay

Using Listservs and Discussion Groups in the English Classroom Virtually everyone is on the Internet these days from my 85-year-old grandfather to my five-year-old nephew. We are checking our emails from long lost friends and next-door neighbors. As adults we are paying our bills, filing our taxes, and scheduling our appointments. But the phenomena is not exclusive to adults; teens are on there more than ever communicating with one another, shopping, and finding out information about endless topics in just a click of a few buttons. We are so technologically centered that it makes sense to transfer this pastime to school, right? Online learning: the wave of the future? Many say yes as students from kindergarten to the graduate level continue to participate in communication via the Internet. They range from small projects to entire online courses and degree programs. In the college classroom, the Internet has taken on a sort of â€Å"replacement† role to the traditional classroom set up, while in the secondary classroom, teachers are finding ways to incorporate the Internet, namely listservs and discussion groups to supplement the time spent in the actual classroom. This insurgence of technology helps students to become familiar with the Internet and software programs, it gives the shy student a chance to shine where he/she may not normally have a chance, and it has allowed for more student-generated discussion. Many of us already use Internet Chat rooms to discuss certain issues with people of similar interests. These rely on what is called real-time interaction or synchronous which means that all users are online at the same time discussing topics back and forth. Discussion groups or listservs are similar to this, ... ...o, Regina F. and Alberto M. Bento. "Using the Web to extend and support classroom learning." College Student Journal 34.4 Dec. 2000: 603-8. Burnett, Tim. "Running Your Own Listserv." Classroom Connect 7.4 Dec. 2000/Jan. 2001: 11. Dutt-Doner, Karen M. and Susan M. Powers. "The use of electronic communication to develop alternative avenues for classroom discussion." Journal of Technology and Teacher Education 8.2 (2001): 153-72. MacDonald, Lucy and David C. Caverly. "Expanding the online discussion." Journal of Developmental Education 25.2 Winter 2001: 38-9. Robinson, Doug. "Listservs 101: What they are and how to make the best use of them." Feliciter 47.6 (2001): 292-3. Tiene, C. Drew. "Online discussions: a survey of advantages and disadvantages compared to face-to-face discussions." Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia 9.4 (2000): 371-84. Using Listservs and Discussion Groups in the English Classroom Essay Using Listservs and Discussion Groups in the English Classroom Virtually everyone is on the Internet these days from my 85-year-old grandfather to my five-year-old nephew. We are checking our emails from long lost friends and next-door neighbors. As adults we are paying our bills, filing our taxes, and scheduling our appointments. But the phenomena is not exclusive to adults; teens are on there more than ever communicating with one another, shopping, and finding out information about endless topics in just a click of a few buttons. We are so technologically centered that it makes sense to transfer this pastime to school, right? Online learning: the wave of the future? Many say yes as students from kindergarten to the graduate level continue to participate in communication via the Internet. They range from small projects to entire online courses and degree programs. In the college classroom, the Internet has taken on a sort of â€Å"replacement† role to the traditional classroom set up, while in the secondary classroom, teachers are finding ways to incorporate the Internet, namely listservs and discussion groups to supplement the time spent in the actual classroom. This insurgence of technology helps students to become familiar with the Internet and software programs, it gives the shy student a chance to shine where he/she may not normally have a chance, and it has allowed for more student-generated discussion. Many of us already use Internet Chat rooms to discuss certain issues with people of similar interests. These rely on what is called real-time interaction or synchronous which means that all users are online at the same time discussing topics back and forth. Discussion groups or listservs are similar to this, ... ...o, Regina F. and Alberto M. Bento. "Using the Web to extend and support classroom learning." College Student Journal 34.4 Dec. 2000: 603-8. Burnett, Tim. "Running Your Own Listserv." Classroom Connect 7.4 Dec. 2000/Jan. 2001: 11. Dutt-Doner, Karen M. and Susan M. Powers. "The use of electronic communication to develop alternative avenues for classroom discussion." Journal of Technology and Teacher Education 8.2 (2001): 153-72. MacDonald, Lucy and David C. Caverly. "Expanding the online discussion." Journal of Developmental Education 25.2 Winter 2001: 38-9. Robinson, Doug. "Listservs 101: What they are and how to make the best use of them." Feliciter 47.6 (2001): 292-3. Tiene, C. Drew. "Online discussions: a survey of advantages and disadvantages compared to face-to-face discussions." Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia 9.4 (2000): 371-84.

The Link Between Friendship and Moral Development Essay -- Teaching Ed

The Link Between Friendship and Moral Development The study of morality is molded by an intricately linked set of tangential issues each of which has a unique effect on moral development. Friendship and peer groups in particular play an indisputable role in helping to shape the path of moral development in children and adolescents. In evaluating various philosophical and psychological perspectives on morality, two principal arguments emerge concerning the link between friendship and moral development: in the first argument, friendships act as a positive force in fostering moral development, as they provide a background upon which children can formulate their own moral rules and values. In direct contradiction, the second argument espouses friendship and morality as inherently antithetical, relying heavily on the idea that friendship encourages subjectiveness and impartiality. The potential negative influence of peer influence on moral development is perhaps most clearly manifested in the prevalence of aggression and violence in the lives of many children and adolescents. In studying the link between friendship and moral development, then, it is crucial to consider both the positive and negative consequences that peer relations can have on a child’s struggle to develop his own individual sense of morality. The Definition of Friendship and its Relationship to Moral Development In exploring the effects of friendship on moral development, particularly in children and adolescents, it is necessary first to establish the ways in which these phenomena are related. Traditionally, friendship and morality have been viewed as separate entities independent of one another; consequently, there is little research pertaining to the specif... ... York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Cairns, Robert and Beverley. Lifelines and Risks: Pathways of Youth in our Time.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Eron, L., Gentry, J., & Schlegel, P. Reason to Hope: A Psycholosocial Perspective on Violence and Youth. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1994. Friedman, Marilyn. What Are Friends For? London: Cornell University Press, 1993. Garbarino, James. Lost Boys. New York: The Free Press, 1999. Henry, David B. "Peer Groups, Families, and School Failure Among Urban Children: Elements of Risk and Successful Interventions." Preventing School Failure, 44:3, 97-105. Piaget, Jean. The Moral Judgment of the Child. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1932. Pinderhughes, Howard. Race in the Hood: Conflict and Violence Among UrbanYouth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.

Hierarchical in organization Essay

The most essential yet fundamental thing to remember with the Japanese in terms of business is their giving significance to personal relationship first before business considerations. Putting enough time and resources for relationship building is necessary for achieving success in business. Japanese business structure is hierarchical in organization with specific roles to perform. Team work and group orientation are ways of life observed in all corporate life at all levels. The Japanese do not really engaged themselves in formal trainings on teambuilding; they are just by nature collectivists that use the consensus approach in all issues of concern. Strength and purpose of any Japanese business organization came from the sense of belongingness. Involvement and commitment in the workplace are based primarily from compromise and collaboration in terms of decision making. Top-down approach, where the flow of information comes from subordinates and forwarded to higher-ups is the Japanese management style. Therefore, the policy is always initiated at the middle management. This approach is advantageous, because everyone in the company took active involvement in the creation of rules and procedures. For the Japanese being a valuable boss is not founded on having strong personality and being influential. Humbleness and non-aspiring must be the maintainable characters of any manager as he climbs the ladder of the hierarchy. A Japanese manager should always be available at all times and ready to contribute his expertise without hesitation to his people. Excellent management and teamwork can be attained through a harmonious employer-employee rapport. In meetings, being punctual is a sign of respect for the Japanese. Although, it is very hard to conclude the finality of a decision in terms of time, because they always think in a consensus style, patience is much needed. Before the start of any meeting, attendees usually talk about non-business topics such as food, hobbies, and health etc to set up the relationship-building process, which is necessary for the success of the business meeting. Wa or harmony is at all times part of any meeting. Debates, confrontations and disagreements are to be avoided, though at time indispensable in searching for a solution. Since reaching a decision should undergo a process of consensus-building plus the conservation of Wa, endurance in time is really important. During serious meeting, bringing in humor is considered out of place. The biggest issue of worry when undertaking business transaction with Japanese is communication difficulties. What Japanese publicly says in words and what he really thinks is often contradictory; that causes trouble and confusion to the non-Japanese in terms of conversation. Troubles in communication is made complex by the reality that few Japanese are good English conversant and foreigners as well do not speak good Japanese. In addition, Japanese people hardly use body language, as they are very motionless and unusual to make feedback. In order to check the situation it is necessary to ask several questions for understanding. To further clearly understand each other, clarification is best to be undertaken in order to make problem-solving and decision-making prompt. Culture in Canada Canada, often referred to as â€Å"nation of nations†, is twice the geographical area of the United States with approximately 30 million people living in it. It was founded by the rich heritage of French and English with combination from non-French and English countries. Canada has two official languages, English and French. The country’s national advantage is its cultural diversity, which is the reason for prohibiting bias against person on the basis of race, color, religion, or gender. Canada takes pleasure in a society that is open and relatively free of class difference. Citizens of the country are proud that all of them enjoy equal rights and respect and dislike remarks that lack respect to anyone coming from a specific background. Canada has the highest per capita level of postsecondary education participation of any industrialized country. The entire universities are publicly funded institutions; however students still shell out for tuition fees. National and provincial support programs are in place to lend a hand to students in postsecondary schooling. Christianity is the primary religion. The principal language in Canada is English. There are however, at least three varieties of French that are acknowledged: Quebecois in Quebec, Franco-Manitoban all the way through Manitoba and for the most part in the St. Boniface area of Winnipeg, and Acadian. The Italian language is the third language in Canada owing to a huge arrival of Italian immigrants after World War 2.

Relationship Between The Price Of A Bond And Interest Rates

An inverse relationship exists between the prices of bond, and interest rates. As interest rates go up, the bond prices come down. To understand the reason behind this relationship lets consider an example. For instance, if a bond has a par value of $1000 and is currently trading at $950, then the rate of return on the bond is around 5. 26%. Now suppose that the interest rate in the market is 10%. No investors will buy the bond as they are getting a higher return on interest rates. Hence, to make the bond more attractive the bond price is pushed down to match the same return offered by interest rates.On the other hand, if we suppose that the interest rates are at 3%, then everyone will buy the bond, and it will sell at a premium. The price of the bond will increase till it matches the rates provided by interest rates. (Shim & Siegel, 2008) What is the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and its primary conclusion? Evaluate the concept of beta. The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is model developed by William Sharpe that helps in analyzing the relationship between the rate of return and risk.The basic assumption of the model is that the expected rate of return on a stock is equal to the risk-free rate plus a risk premium. The risk premium of the stock depends upon the beta of the stock, which is a measure of the stock’s relative volatility in relation to the market. The model says that if the required rate of return doesn’t equal the expected return then the investment should not be taken. The primary conclusion of this model is that the relevant riskiness of a stock is its contribution to the riskiness of a well-diversified portfolio. (Shim & Siegel, 2008)What is behavioral finance? How does this alternative theory of risk and return add to our understanding of how markets work? Behavioral finance is a relatively new field in which theories from psychology are applied to classical financial principles to understand the performance of markets. It is based on the premise that the market participants don’t make their decisions rationally. Behavioral finance was developed to explain the irrationality in the market that contradicted the efficient market hypothesis. It is closely related to the field of behavioral economics.Two of the major concepts used in behavioral finance to understand market inefficiencies are heuristics and framing. Heuristics refer to the fact that investors may take investment decision based on their personal ideas or values, which may or may not make economic sense to an outsider. Framing refers to the fact that the way the presentation is made to the investor will influence his decision. It is how the idea is ‘framed’ to the investor that will decide what decision the investor will make. (Shim & Siegel, 2008) Research and define technical analysis and fundamental analysis.Provide examples of each type of analysis. Which style of analysis makes the most sense for the long-term invest or? There are two ways of analyzing a stock price, technical analysis and fundamental analysis. In technical analysis, the investor estimates the future price of the stock based on its past prices and market activity. On the other hand, in fundamental analysis, the investor tries to determine the intrinsic value of the stock by analyzing the qualitative and quantitative factors affecting it like industry conditions, company’s cash flow, etc.In the long run, fundamental analysis will make most sense as it places importance on quantitative factors, rather than relying on charts and past trends to predict future performance. To better understand the difference between the two analyses consider both types of analysts in a shopping mall. A fundamental analyst will go to each store, and study the product before deciding whether to buy or not. On the other hand, a technical analyst will base his decision on the activity of people going into each store. (Shim & Siegel, 2008) Relationship Between The Price Of A Bond And Interest Rates An inverse relationship exists between the prices of bond, and interest rates. As interest rates go up, the bond prices come down. To understand the reason behind this relationship lets consider an example. For instance, if a bond has a par value of $1000 and is currently trading at $950, then the rate of return on the bond is around 5. 26%. Now suppose that the interest rate in the market is 10%. No investors will buy the bond as they are getting a higher return on interest rates. Hence, to make the bond more attractive the bond price is pushed down to match the same return offered by interest rates.On the other hand, if we suppose that the interest rates are at 3%, then everyone will buy the bond, and it will sell at a premium. The price of the bond will increase till it matches the rates provided by interest rates. (Shim & Siegel, 2008) What is the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and its primary conclusion? Evaluate the concept of beta. The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is model developed by William Sharpe that helps in analyzing the relationship between the rate of return and risk.The basic assumption of the model is that the expected rate of return on a stock is equal to the risk-free rate plus a risk premium. The risk premium of the stock depends upon the beta of the stock, which is a measure of the stock’s relative volatility in relation to the market. The model says that if the required rate of return doesn’t equal the expected return then the investment should not be taken. The primary conclusion of this model is that the relevant riskiness of a stock is its contribution to the riskiness of a well-diversified portfolio. (Shim & Siegel, 2008)What is behavioral finance? How does this alternative theory of risk and return add to our understanding of how markets work? Behavioral finance is a relatively new field in which theories from psychology are applied to classical financial principles to understand the performance of markets. It is based on the premise that the market participants don’t make their decisions rationally. Behavioral finance was developed to explain the irrationality in the market that contradicted the efficient market hypothesis. It is closely related to the field of behavioral economics.Two of the major concepts used in behavioral finance to understand market inefficiencies are heuristics and framing. Heuristics refer to the fact that investors may take investment decision based on their personal ideas or values, which may or may not make economic sense to an outsider. Framing refers to the fact that the way the presentation is made to the investor will influence his decision. It is how the idea is ‘framed’ to the investor that will decide what decision the investor will make. (Shim & Siegel, 2008) Research and define technical analysis and fundamental analysis.Provide examples of each type of analysis. Which style of analysis makes the most sense for the long-term invest or? There are two ways of analyzing a stock price, technical analysis and fundamental analysis. In technical analysis, the investor estimates the future price of the stock based on its past prices and market activity. On the other hand, in fundamental analysis, the investor tries to determine the intrinsic value of the stock by analyzing the qualitative and quantitative factors affecting it like industry conditions, company’s cash flow, etc.In the long run, fundamental analysis will make most sense as it places importance on quantitative factors, rather than relying on charts and past trends to predict future performance. To better understand the difference between the two analyses consider both types of analysts in a shopping mall. A fundamental analyst will go to each store, and study the product before deciding whether to buy or not. On the other hand, a technical analyst will base his decision on the activity of people going into each store. (Shim & Siegel, 2008)

Children of Divorce

Statistics show that each year, over 1 million American children suffer the decision made by their parents to end their relationship (Amato, 2001). Divorce may be a solution to a discordant marriage, however, for many children and their parents, tensions continue and the entire divorce process is a long, searing experience (Amato, 2001). Divorce ends the established order of family, friends, finances, work and in some cases health and well being (Amato, 2001). Divorce is the termination of the family unit, and thus, it is often characterized by painful losses. Psychologists rate divorce as one of the most stressful events in life, just below the death of a spouse (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). Divorce has been compared to getting in a life boat. The lifeboat may be the chance to escape from the terrible situation, but abandoning the ship holds little appeal because of the enormous uncertainties (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). To a child who is unable to envision possible good outcomes this can be very overwhelming. Decisions to end a relationship can be traumatic, chaotic, and filled with contradictory emotions (Amato, 2001). Research shows that children from divorce families are on â€Å"average† somewhat worse off than children who have lived in intact families (Amato, 2001). Children in divorce homes may have more difficulty in school, more behavior problems, more negative self-concepts, more problems with peers and more trouble getting along with their parents (Amato, 2001). With this research there needs to be an examination of what factors in divorcing families contribute to the children having difficulties and what the factors are that contribute to children’s adaptation. Children’s reactions to the decision of their parents dissolution of marriage depends on three factors (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). These factors consist of the quality of their relationship with each of their parents before the separation, the intensity and duration of the parental conflict, and the parents’ ability to focus on the needs of the children (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). Divorce itself is usually not the first major change in the affected child’s life. Parental conflict before the separation often leads to internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, even in preschoolers (Sarrazin & Cyr, 2007). Children may â€Å"blame themselves for the deterioration in their parent’s relationship† (Downs, Moore, & McFadden, 2009). After the divorce children may feel that their parents have less time for them (Downs, Moore, & McFadden, 2009). Other contributing factors include increased stress, economic loss, and loss of former supports and resources (Downs, et al. , 2009). When risks are reduced or overcome children will fare better. It is important for parents to be able to support their children through divorce. Sanders and Wolchik (2011) have identified the following actions parents can do to enhance a child’s adjustment to divorce: * Prior to the separation, it may be helpful for both parents to discuss the impending divorce at a level appropriate for the child * Be available to answer questions; Read age appropriate books on divorce with your child * Reassure the child divorce is not his or her fault and let the child know that you will both continue to love him. Put child's needs first * Do not argue with other parent in front of child. * Do not expect your child to meet your emotional needs * Be consistent in your parenting; Make visitations regular and predictable Parents who are struggling themselves through the divorce may fail to be aware of these enhancements. The Wisconsin court system, when filing for divorce requires parents to attend a co-parenting class. Wisconsin has seen success in utilizing this requirement for divorcing parents with children, it often assists in the mediation process and serves as a wake-up call to parents who are not fully aware of the effects that divorce has on their children. These co-parenting classes are ways in which parents can develop effect ways to assist their children from having adverse affects from the divorce proceeds and receive supportive information of where they can receive additional help. Parents who lack the ability to support their children through this difficult situation because of their lack of parental competence or poor adjustment to the situation may have to depend on outside interventions for assisting in this process. Given that divorce has negative effects for children, the utilization of effective prevention programs has great significance in changing the outcomes of these children (Sander & Wolchik, 2011). Children of Divorce Intervention Program (CODIP) is an award winning curriculum that has helped thousands of children in the US. Since 1982 CODIP has helped children understand and accept their feelings and perceptions regarding their parents’ separation (Pedro-Carroll & Cowen, 1985). The goals of the program is to minimize the emotional and behavioral problems that divorce children face, increase children’s ability to identify and express their feelings, reduce children’s anxiety, and build confidence (Pedro-Carroll, & Cowen, 1985). Individuals involved in this program have positive, supportive group environments with peers in school settings, a reduced desire to blame themselves, increase their coping skills and ability to solve problems, and have enhanced positive perceptions of themselves (Lowenstein, 2006). School personnel, community members, or parents can refer children to the program. Group leaders trained in this method will conduct group sessions that target different age ranges giving the correct information and skill-building activities (Lowenstein, 2006). Children may also be referred to therapy to help them adjust to divorce. Activities that are creative and play-based can engage children and help them safely express their thoughts and feelings. Therapy can take on the form of child-focused, residential parent-focused, nonresidential parent-focused and combined residential parent and child-focused therapy (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). Child-focused programs target skills to cope with stressful divorce-related events, emotional expression skills, and interpersonal resources (e. g. parent-child relationship quality) (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). Parent-focused programs target factors like parent-child relationship quality, discipline, anger management, and the quality and quantity of contact with nonresidential parents (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). There is no evidence that doing a combination of child-focused programs and parent-focused programs leads to more success than doing one (Sanders & Wolchik, 2011). In order for therapy services to ef fectively treat children of divorce, a number of key issues need to be addressed. Therapy needs to address developing effective coping skills, facilitating the appropriate expression of feelings, clarifying divorce-related misconceptions, expressing anger through appropriate outlets, disengaging from parental conflict, eliminating self blame, and enhancing positive perceptions of self (Lowenstein, 2006). Studies indicate that active coping that includes problem solving and positive thinking enhances resilience among children (Lowenstein, 2006). Interventions that help children identify their unique strengths further acilitate children’s healthy adjustment (Lowenstein, 2006). Helping children express feelings of anger about the divorce through appropriate outlets is another important treatment goal. When parental conflict has been high prior to divorce and continues after divorce an effective intervention needs to involve an integrated family therapy approach (Amato, 2001). This therapy approach will assist children from disengaging from parental conflict. M any therapeutic agencies in Milwaukee are embracing therapy that is more engaging, innovative, and immersed in play to assist children of divorce. The decision to divorce is a decision being made for the children, they have no voice. Parents make the decision and children react. The court system has taken a step in the right direction by requiring parents to take a co-parenting class. Parents struggling through their own issues and fear with this change in their life often times are incapable of supporting their children the way they need. It is important that through the pain or anger parents have over their marriage ending that they see things through their child’s eyes.References Amato, P. (2001) Children of divorce in the 1990s:An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 355-70. Downs, S., Moore, E., & McFadden, E. (2009). Child Welfare and Family Services; Policies and Practice, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Lebow, J. & Rekart, K. (2006) Integrated family therapy for high-conflict divorce with disputes over child custody and visitation. Family Process, 46, 79- 91 Lowenstein, L. (2006). Creative Interventions for Children of Divorce. Toronto: Champion Press. Pedro-Carroll, J.L. & Cowen, E.L. (1985). The Children of Divorce Intervention Program: An investigation of the efficacy of a school-based prevention program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(5), 603-611. Sander, I. & Wolchik, S. (2011) Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. Sarrazin, J. & Cyr, F. (2007) Parental conflicts and their damaging effects on children. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 47, 77-93.

Recruiting and Selecting Leaders for Innovation Essay

Introduction A reading recount of Lauren E. McEntire, Tiffany M. Greene-Shortridge. (2011). Recruiting and Selecting Leaders for Innovation: How to Find the Right Leader. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13, 266-278. The recruitment and selection process system is getting difficult it is because of today’s affected society. To identify good leaders to fit into the organisation is it a time-consuming and expensive process. It is crucial for the organisation to stay competitive in the market as innovative leaderships played a crucial role. (Greene-Shortridge, Lauren E. McEnture and Tiffany M., 2011) The research shown that human resources (HR) professional practices to hire the right skills leader to fit into an innovative organisation, the overall succession played a vital role in the success for the organisation (Sarros, Cooper, & Santora, 2008; Shipton, Fay, West, Patterson, & Birdi, 2005). The objective of this article had emphaise the importance of develop an organisations’ recruitment and selection strategies to hire an innovative leaders to fit into the organisation. There are several recommendation selection tools such as common behavioral/psychological assessments, behavioral interviews and succession planning. Summary It is important to have a visionary innovative organisational leader because is the great impact for the organisation to scale greater heights. The HR professionals are greatly responsible to ascertain the individuals to play a significant role on the motivation and performance with other members. The leader’s role is to boost the morale and earned due respect and recognition as a model. Training and Development has been a tool for self-development. The turnover rate is remaining low and retention will be shown higher. There will be a direct impact on the leadership that led by a good leader. To identify the visionary innovative leaders is the most difficulties recruitment process for HR professional. Successful leaders are usually employed and not actively looking for a better opportunity. The most effective recruitment is identifying through the private/medial social networks, headhunting, peer referrals, professional societies or alumni list. Using peer referral is effective for the recruitment process it is because they were from the mid-to upper-level successful in the organisation and that make the organisational referral. The new recruitment techniques are through social networking media and websites. To make it more productive recruitment tool (a) use current employee as a search point (b) look for a competent and relevant key experience (c) use the internal referral within the organisation. It is a best practice to recruit internal as initial information is easily access. There are a few types of selection tools that are available; the most popular is the Innovation Potential Indicator to assess the capability to carry out innovative ideas in particular scenarios (Burch, Pavelis & Port, 2008). There are other types of selection assessment such as personality, motivation, experiences/biographical data and situational judgment which allow administering online. Within the assessment centers, the result allows for evaluation to relate the leadership capability and performance. Another selection tools is Person-Organisation Fit Assessments (P-O fit), it is to assess the compatibility between the individual and organisation. In accordance, this is a value-based selection tools to test the values of creativity and innovation. P-O fit relates to the attributes and competence, which between job satisfaction and commitment. Behaviorally Based Interviews has become a successful approach to predict a person through the past experiences. Usually interviewers will customer the situational questions to cater to the relevant past work experiences. Such answer allows the interviewer assess the candidates’ leadership skills or  special skills. Succession planning has been the most popular practice for large organisation. An effective succession plan can take a few years to identify an innovative leader within the organisation. The most challenging is keep close contact with current and future innovation leader needs and advance to a new role. Critique Strength In this article, author state a few points to recruit and select innovative leaders in various ways. The value of a great leader in the organisation and what is important for an innovative leader. The task is to build the organisation confidence, the vision, and culture and to know what kind of leader suit the organisation. The author clearly demonstrates in recruitment and selection of a good leaders it appears to be the traditionally way for HR professional. Recruit and groom the innovative leaders internally have continually shown to be a valuable investment (Groves, 2007; Hempel & Brady, 2006; Roshto, 1997). A good leader must be able to foresight and wisdom to enable the organisation to grow constantly. It allows the organisation to evolve into a new generation. The ideal candidates should have the competences or characteristics were deeming the most critical. (The Business Times, 2011) Weakness However, the author opinion on the behavioral based interview may be a traditional method for fair selection procedures (Moscoso, 2000; Salgado & Moscoso, 2002). But the author is unable to show the facts of the success rate of the retention of keys leader. Another tools that author state is the Innovation Potential Indicator (IPI) is to assesses the person capability for a particular environment (Burch, Pavelis, & Port, 2008) Link Relevant to the case study The case study â€Å"A Matter of Choice† objective is to identify who is the best person to lead Andre Pierrot’s empire (Teh & Girardi, 2010). The article has identified the recruit and selection of the innovative leader. The important of succession planning is to identify the ideal candidate to be seen as a leader, the leader must add value to the organisation. The candidate must express interest to do the job. (Dennis Carey, John J. Keller, and Michael Patsalos-Fox, 2010) The organisation has to clearly state what kind of leader they are looking for, the vision of an organisation. The focus group discussion has to list down the criteria, identify the best suited to fit into the organisation. Make use of the functional competency of leadership attributes to identify a leader. Conclusion Thus, succession planning is targeted within the organisation level. The new leader should share the organisation vision and mission. Once the new leader has been appointed, it allows the potential to be understudying the current leaders. The seamless change and transformation is benefit for the staff. Being a successor, it has to established leader who inspires many with her optimism, positive energy and nurturing demeanor (The Straits Tiimes, 2011).